Coluber constrictor

Appearance

Adult Eastern racers can typically vary from 50 to 152 cm in total length depending on the subspecies, but a record-sized specimen measured 185.4 cm in total length. A typical adult specimen will weigh around 556 g , with little size difference between the sexes. The patterns vary widely between subspecies. Most are solid-colored as their common names imply: black racers, brown racers, blue racers, or green racers. "Runner" is sometimes used instead of "racer" in their common names. All subspecies have a lighter-colored underbelly: white, a light tan, or yellow in color. Juveniles are more strikingly patterned, with a middorsal row of dark blotches on a light ground color. The tail is unpatterned. As they grow older, the dorsum darkens, and the juvenile pattern gradually disappears.

Naming

* ''Coluber constrictor anthicus'' - buttermilk racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor constrictor'' Linnaeus, 1758 - northern black racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor etheridgei'' Wilson, 1970 - tan racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor flaviventris'' Say, 1823 - eastern yellowbelly racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor foxii'' - blue racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor helvigularis'' Auffenberg, 1955 - brownchin racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor latrunculus'' Wilson, 1970 - blackmask racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor oaxaca'' - Mexican racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor paludicola'' Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955 - everglades racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor priapus'' Dunn & Wood, 1939 - southern black racer
⤷  ''Coluber constrictor mormon'' - western yellow-bellied racer

Behavior

Racers are fast moving, highly active, diurnal snakes. Their diet consists primarily of small rodents, frogs, toads, lizards, and other snakes. Some subspecies are known to climb trees in order to eat eggs and young birds. Juveniles often consume soft-bodied insects, such as crickets and moths . Despite their specific name, ''constrictor'', they do not really employ constriction, instead simply subduing struggling prey by pinning it bodily, pressing one or two coils against it to hold it in place instead of actually suffocating it. Most smaller prey items are simply swallowed alive.

They are curious snakes with excellent vision, and are sometimes seen raising their head above the height of the grass they are crawling in to view what is around them. Aptly named, racers are very fast and typically flee from a potential predator. However, once cornered they put up a vigorous fight, biting hard and often. They are difficult to handle and will writhe, defecate and release a foul smelling musk from their cloaca. Rattling their tails among dry leaves, racers can sound convincingly like rattlesnakes.

Habitat

Frequently near water but also in brush, trash piles, roadsides, swamps, suburbia; it is the most common snake in residential neighborhoods in Florida. It spends most of its time on the ground, but it's a good tree climber and may be found in shrubs and trees where the calls of birds draw attention to it.

Most racers prefer open, grassland type habitat where their keen eyesight and speed can be readily used, but they are also found in light forest and even semi-arid regions. They are usually not far from an area of cover to hide in.

Reproduction

Mating takes place in the spring, from April until early June. Around a month later the female will lay anywhere from 3 to 30 eggs in a hidden nest site such as a hollow log, an abandoned rodent burrow, or under a rock. The 8-10" long juvenile racers hatch in the early fall. Maturity is reached in approximately 2 years. Racers have been known to lay their eggs in communal sites, where a number of snakes, even those from other species, all lay their eggs together.