PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservation globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Note A rare camera trap record of the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Terai Arc Landscape, India Sankarshan Rastogi, Ram Kumar Raj & Bridesh Kumar Chauhan 26 October 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 14 | Pages: 17024–17027 DOI: 10.11609/jott.6489.12.14.17024-17027 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Article Submission Guidelines, visit https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientific Misconduct, visit https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <ravi@threatenedtaxa.org> The opinions expressed by the authors do not reflect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organization, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the partners are not responsible for the accuracy of the political boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Publisher & Host Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17024–17027 PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6489.12.14.17024-17027 #6489 | Received 04 August 2020 | Final received 06 October 2020 | Finally accepted 11 October 2020 N o t e A rare camera trap record of the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Terai Arc Landscape, India Sankarshan Rastogi 1 , Ram Kumar Raj 2 1 & Bridesh Kumar Chauhan 3 P.G. Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India. 2 Phulwariya Village, Dudhwa Road, Palia Kalan, Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh 262902, India. 3 Bhagwantnagar Village, Nagaon, Palia Kalan, Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh 262902, India. 1 sankarshanr@ncbs.res.in (corresponding author), 2 ramk68367@gmail.com, 3 bridesh12@gmail.com Lagomorpha encompasses small and medium-sized mammals including pikas and rabbits which belong to Ochotonidae and Leporidae families, respectively. These mammals have been known to inhabit all continents except Antarctica (Chapman & Flux 2008). In India, members of this group are found in a variety of landscapes ranging from high elevation regions of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh to tall grassland habitats of the Himalayan foothills (Aryal & Yadav 2019; Dahal et al. 2020; Maheswaran 2020). One among these, the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus (Pearson, 1839) is a member of the Leporidae family, and is characterized by its small ears, long fore legs and very short hind legs. The dark brown hair on the dorsal side and a very short tail help distinguish them from other lagomorphs (Aryal & Yadav 2019). This threatened and elusive lagomorph was historically known to be found along the entire Terai starting from Uttarakhand in India to southern Bangladesh in Dhaka (Blanford 1888; Dawson 1971). Its current distribution, however, is restricted to the tall floodplain grasslands of northern India, southern Nepal, and Bhutan (Nidup 2018) within an elevational range of 100–250 m (Aryal & Yadav 2019). These floodplain grasslands of the Terai region are the primary habitats of the Hispid Hare, which are different from the typical dry and scrub grasslands found across the subcontinent. They are predominantly alluvial grasslands comprising tall grasses like Saccharum spontaneum, Desmostachya bipinnata, Narenga porphyrocoma, and Themeda arundinacea among others. These dynamic and highly productive grasslands, maintained by annual flooding of rivers and controlled annual dry season burning (Lehmkuhl 1994; Peet et al. 1999; Singh & Prasad 2013), serve as critical habitats for many faunal species, including the Hispid Hare (Maheswaran 2013; Aryal & Yadav 2019). Editor: Honnavalli N. Kumara, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2020 (online & print) Citation: Rastogi, S., R.K. Raj & B.K. Chauhan (2020). A rare camera trap record of the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Terai Arc Landscape, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(14): 17024–17027. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6489.12.14.17024-17027 Copyright: © Rastogi et al 2020. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication. Funding: National Centre for Biological Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; The Tata Trusts; World Wide fund for Nature-India. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Acknowledgements: The research was carried out in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (Palia Kalan, Uttar Pradesh) with permit number 1421/23-2-12 (G) dated 25 November 2019 (reference letter number TIFR/NCBS/MScWL/2019/UP15/dated 27 September 2019), was issued by the PCCF (Wildlife)/ Chief Wildlife Warden, Uttar Pradesh. We would like to thank the Forest and Wildlife Department, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh for the timely grant of the research permits. We extend our sincere thanks to the field director, deputy director and the entire forest staff of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve for their constant support. This research is based on the Master’s thesis of Sankarshan Rastogi under Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, India), which was supported by National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS–TIFR), The Tata Trusts and WWF-India (Terai Arc Landscape Programme). We would like to thank Dr. Mahesh Sankaran, Dr. Pranav Chanchani and Dr. Rekha Warrier for their help in the conceptualization of the study. We also acknowledge the support from Dr. Mudit Gupta (landscape coordinator, WWF-India), Mr. Ashish Bista and others for their help through the project. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. 17024 J Camera trap record of Hispid Hare from Dudhwa TR Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is one of the only three tiger reserves in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, which lies close to the international border with Nepal. It comprises three protected areas: Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary. These three protected areas, which were once contiguous, currently comprise an area of around 2,200km2, inclusive of both core and buffer areas (Singh & Prasad 2013). Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is part of the larger Terai Arc Landscape, a global ecoregion of high conservation significance (Olson & Dinerstein 2002). It forms a part of the Terai-Bhabar system, which are the floodplains of the river Ganga and its tributaries that extend from the state of Uttarakhand in the north-west to Assam in the north-east (Dinerstein 1979; Johnsingh et al. 2004). The reserve is interspersed by a mosaic of floodplain grasslands, riverine forests and wetlands (Kumar et al. 2002) and dominated by Sal trees Shorea robusta. The park is home to a variety of threatened fauna including One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus, Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris, Gharial Gavialis gangeticus, Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii, Hog Deer Axis porcinus, Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis, and Hispid Hare. Photographic records of Hispid Hare are extremely limited. They have been documented from the grasslands of Chitwan National Park in Nepal Terai, where the species was rediscovered after nearly three decades (Khadka et al. 2017). Though the lagomorph has been studied to some extent in the lowland regions of Nepal (Aryal 2010; Aryal et al. 2012), there have been only two ecological assessments of the species in the Indian Terai from the grasslands of Jaldapara National Park and Manas Tiger Reserve (Maheswaran 2013; Nath & Machary 2015). Although some anecdotal evidence exists for their presence in Dudhwa National Park, there are possibly only two published photographic records (Jha & Chauhan 2018; Maheswaran 2020) from the reserve. Here, we present photographic evidence of this lagomorph from the tall grasslands of Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. These photographs were obtained using automated motion-triggered digital camera traps (Cuddeback C1, www.cuddeback.com) installed in different grasslands of the park as part of a research project on ungulates. We intensively sampled multiple one hectare patches in different grasslands in the park for animal signs and vegetation characteristics. In order to reduce false positives and confirm animal presence from sign surveys, we also installed a camera trap inside Rastogi et al. our sampling plots for a duration ranging between 20 and 30 days. In total, our survey effort was 1,261 camera trap nights between December 2019 and April 2020 across all our sampling plots. During our field work in different grasslands of Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, we encountered indirect signs of Hispid Hares, i.e., pellets and grazing signs, in eight different tall grassland patches only in Dudhwa National Park (Image 1). Hispid Hare pellets are distinctive given their tabletlike, dorsoventrally flattened, shape (Image 2). In addition, we observed signs of grazing by Hispid Hares at the base of the stem of tall grasses like Themeda arundinacea, Narenga porphyrocoma, and Sclerostachya fusca which has been confirmed by dietary studies from Nepal Terai (Aryal et al. 2012; Maheswaran 2013). The photograph, however, (Image 3,4) came from a 1.2km2 grassland patch called Churaila ‘phanta’ (Nepali: grassland) (80.86°E & 28.41°N ) (Image 1). This grassland dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata and Narenga porphyrocoma grasses, lies in the Laudaria beat of Belraiyaan range of Dudhwa National Park. In total, we got 10 photographs of hares from the Churaila grassland on two different days. To our knowledge, these are among the few confirmed camera trap captures of the species from the tall grasslands of Dudhwa National Park. Grasslands in the park have traditionally been managed through the use of annual controlled burns. Such grassland fires date back over a century to the early 1920s, when British forest officers started this as a management practice to keep tall grasses in check (Singh & Prasad 2013). Burning also removes moribund plant material and fosters regrowth of tender grasses which is widely known to benefit large-bodied grassland dwelling herbivores such as the One-horned Rhinoceros, Hog Deer, and Swamp Deer, among others. The extent to which such controlled fires impact smaller-bodied species like the Hispid Hare, Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis and the Bengal Florican remains unclear (Kumar et al. 2002; Jha et al. 2018). There is an urgent need for future studies that investigate these impacts in greater detail. The forest department in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is currently evaluating grassland management practices in the reserve and has set up management plots with different interventions including cutting, harrowing and burning in different combinations, and control plots with no interference. These initiatives will provide us with key insights into optimal grassland management strategies both in the reserve as well as the broader Terai Arc Landscape, not just for large ungulates but Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17024–17027 17025 TT J TT Camera trap record of Hispid Hare from Dudhwa TR Rastogi et al. Image 1. Grassland map of Dudhwa National park; not all grasslands harbour Hispid Hare populations since the signs of the lagomorph were found in patches marked with red in the map above. References © Sankarshan Rastogi Image 2. Hispid hare pellets were the most common signs detected in the tall grasslands. also for smaller bodied species such as the Hispid Hare. Further, there is also a need to better understand the impacts of reduced inundation and frequent fires over the years on the tougher and drier grasses like Narenga porphyrocoma and Desmostachya bipinnata which dominate these grasslands presently (Kumar et al. 2002; Sankarshan Rastogi pers. obs. January, 2020). 17026 Aryal, A. (2010). First cameras trap sighting of critically endangered hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) in Shuklaphanta wildlife reserveNepal. World Applied Science Journal 9: 367–371. Aryal, A. & B. Yadav, (2019). Caprolagus hispidus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T3833A45176688. Accession date: 25 June 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS. T3833A45176688.en Aryal, A., D. Brunton, W. Ji, H.K. Yadav, B. Adhikari & D. Raubenheimer (2012). 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An ecological survey of the Royal Karnali-Bardia Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Part I: vegetation, modifying factors, and successional relationships. Biological conservation 15(2): 127–150. Johnsingh, A.J.T., K. Ramesh, Q. Qureshi, A. David, S.P. Goyal, G.S. Rawat, K. Rajapandian & S. Prasad (2004). Conservation status of Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17024–17027 J Camera trap record of Hispid Hare from Dudhwa TR Rastogi et al. Image 3. Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus camera trap capture in Churaila grassland of Dudhwa National Park; the shorter fore legs are one of the characteristics of these lagomorphs. © WWF-India. Image 4. Hispid Hare photographic capture six days later at the same location. © WWF-India. tiger and associated species in the Terai Arc Landscape, India. RR04/001, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, viii+110pp. Jha, R.R.S. & B. Chauhan (2018). 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JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org October 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 14 | Pages: 16927–17062 Date of Publication: 26 October 2020 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2020.12.14.16927-17062 Article Elevational pattern and seasonality of avian diversity in Kaligandaki River Basin, central Himalaya – Juna Neupane, Laxman Khanal, Basant Gyawali & Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Pp. 16927–16943 Communications A highway to hell: a proposed, inessential, 6-lane highway (NH173) that threatens the forest and wildlife corridors of the Western Ghats, India – H.S. 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Gladston, S.M. Ajina, J. Praveenraj, R. Kiruba-Sankar, K.K. Bineesh & S. Dam Roy, Pp. 17032–17035 A first distribution record of the Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1830) (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) from Mizoram, India – Gospel Zothanmawia Hmar, Lalbiakzuala, Lalmuansanga, Dadina Zote, Vanlalhruaia, Hmar Betlu Ramengmawii, Kulendra Chandra Das & Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Pp. 17036–17040 A frog that eats foam: predation on the nest of Polypedates sp. (Rhacophoridae) by Euphlyctis sp. (Dicroglossidae) – Pranoy Kishore Borah, Avrajjal Ghosh, Bikash Sahoo & Aniruddha Datta-Roy, Pp. 17041–17044 New distribution record of two endemic plant species, Euphorbia kadapensis Sarojin. & R.R.V. Raju (Euphorbiaceae) and Lepidagathis keralensis Madhus. & N.P. Singh (Acanthaceae), for Karnataka, India – P. Raja, N. Dhatchanamoorthy, S. Soosairaj & P. Jansirani, Pp. 17045–17048 Cirsium wallichii DC. (Asteraceae): a key nectar source of butterflies – Bitupan Boruah, Amit Kumar & Abhijit Das, Pp. 17049–17056 Hypecoum pendulum L. (Papaveraceae: Ranunculales): a new record for the flora of Haryana, India – Naina Palria, Nidhan Singh & Bhoo Dev Vashistha, Pp. 17057–17059 Addendum Erratum and addenda to the article ‘A history of primatology in India’ – Mewa Singh, Mridula Singh, Honnavalli N. Kumara, Dilip Chetry & Santanu Mahato, Pp. 17060–17062 Publisher & Host Member Threatened Taxa