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Wood Deterioration by Insects

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Biodeterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage

Abstract

This chapter examines postharvest beetles and termites, as the principal xylophagous insects damaging wooden Cultural Heritage.

An introduction on wood-damaging insects is initially provided and several cases of insects’ infestation on cultural wooden artefacts and structures are reviewed.

Coleoptera order is then discussed and elements of its taxonomy and classification are given for taxa involved in wood deterioration. Its members’ morphology is then presented with features of their body and appendages. Their physiology is also presented, where their holometabolous life cycle, types of communication and boring behaviour are described.

The families Anobiidae, Ptinidae, Bostrichidae and Cerambycidae are then examined. Aspects of their taxonomy and phylogeny are introduced based on molecular and morphological data. Adults’ and larvae’ body morphology along with their bearing accessories are illustrated, whereas behavioural features including stridulation, tapping, host location for oviposition, flightlessness, myrmecophily or shamming death are discussed. Their world distribution and their niche, with reference to temperature, moisture and wood substrate such as species, grain orientation and presence of fungi are also mentioned. Wood boring, along with decay patterns like exit holes, tunnels morphology and frass texture are exemplified and feeding and digestion mechanisms utilizing enzymes from microbial symbionts are described.

Finally, the Termitoidae epifamily of the Blattodea order is explored. The nine extant termites’ families are grouped to “lower” and “higher” termites according to their evolutionary level, anatomy and feeding habits and they are further categorized to subterranean, drywood and dampwood termites, according to their niche.

The morphology of these eusocial insects follows, where the various casts’ members, like workers, soldiers and reproductives, are described. Termites’ life cycle and physiology, including paring in tandem, trophallaxis, swarming, communication, foraging and nest building are also considered. Their distribution in earth biomes, along with the nature of their niche, including nest types and feeding sources are discussed. Wood boring, digestion and decomposition mechanisms are finally presented along with features and patterns of decay.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hadrobregmus pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758) synonyms: Anobium fagi (Herbst, 1783), Anobium pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758); Anobium striatum (Fabricius, 1787); Coelostethus pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758), Ptinus rugosus (Gmelin 1790).

  2. 2.

    Nicobium castaneum (Olivier 1790), synonyms: Nicobium fasciatum (Illiger, 1807), Nicobium hirtum (Dufour, 1843), Nicobium tomentosum (Mulsant and Rey 1863) (Roskov et al. 2019).

  3. 3.

    The Bostrichidae family includes the subfamily Lyctinae (formerly treated as a distinct family, Lyctidae).

  4. 4.

    Sclerites are commonly referred to as tergites or exoskeletal plates.

  5. 5.

    Spicules are minute pointed processes of the cuticle; spinules are vestiture of the cuticle (thorn-like outgrowth) less dense than spicules

  6. 6.

    Family: Anobiidae; Superfamily: Bostrichoidea; Infraorder: Bostrichiformia; Suborder: Polyphaga; Order: Coleoptera; Superorder: Holometabola; Infraclass: Neoptera; Subclass: Pterygota; Class: Insecta; Subphylum: Hexapoda; Phylum: Arthropoda; Superphylum: Ecdysozoa; Kingdom: Animalia.

  7. 7.

    Setae is a Latin word for bristles, or hair-like structures, (singular seta) (Capinera 2008).

  8. 8.

    Family: Ptinidae; Superfamily: Bostrichoidea; Infraorder: Bostrichiformia; Suborder: Polyphaga; Order: Coleoptera; Superorder: Holometabola; Infraclass: Neoptera; Subclass: Pterygota; Class: Insecta; Subphylum: Hexapoda; Phylum: Arthropoda; Superphylum: Ecdysozoa; Kingdom: Animalia.

  9. 9.

    Myrmecophily refers to mutualistic associations with ants; however, it can also refer to commensal or even parasitic interactions.

  10. 10.

    A behaviour found in social insects involving transfer of food, or other fluids among members of a community, or between members and guests, through mouth-to-mouth (stomodeal) or anus-to-mouth (proctodeal).

  11. 11.

    Family: Bostrichidae (syn. Bostrychidae); Superfamily: Bostrichoidea; Infraorder: Bostrichiformia; Suborder: Polyphaga; Order: Coleoptera; Superorder: Holometabola; Infraclass: Neoptera; Subclass: Pterygota; Class: Insecta; Subphylum: Hexapoda; Phylum: Arthropoda; Superphylum: Ecdysozoa; Kingdom: Animalia.

  12. 12.

    Family: Cerambycidae; Superfamily: Chrysomeloidea; Infraorder: Cucujiformia; Suborder: Polyphaga; Order: Coleoptera; Superorder: Holometabola; Infraclass: Neoptera; Subclass: Pterygota; Class: Insecta; Subphylum: Hexapoda; Phylum: Arthropoda; Superphylum: Ecdysozoa; Kingdom: Animalia.

  13. 13.

    Batesian mimicry, is a form of mimicry where a palatable insect shows a visual resemblance to a less palatable one, for reducing predation (Capinera 2008).

  14. 14.

    Epifamily: Termitoidea; Superfamily: Blattoidea; Infraorder: Isoptera; Order: Blattodea; Superorder: Dictyoptera; Subclass: Pterygota; Class: Insecta; Phylum: Arthropoda; Kingdom: Animalia (Krishna et al. 2013).

  15. 15.

    Eusocial insects demonstrate a) overlapping generations, b) reproductive castes and c) cooperative brood care (Zablotny 2009).

  16. 16.

    Physogastric queen is able to increase its size without the use of cuticular moulting (Bordereau 1982). Its abdomen can be distended to 500–1000% of its original size because of the great development of the ovaries and she may produce an enormous number of eggs (Gullan and Cranston 2014).

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  1. Dept. of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece

    Anastasia Pournou

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Pournou, A. (2020). Wood Deterioration by Insects. In: Biodeterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46504-9_7

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