Fig 1.
Current understanding of gobioid relationships showing the different nomenclatures in use.
brG = branchiostegal-rayed Gobioidei.
Table 1.
Species and specimens used in this study.
Birdsong et al. [60], Hoese and Gill [28] and Gill and Mooi [15] are used for morphology of many or all species. Colour codes for molecular data: Agorreta et al. [12] = green; Near et al. [63] = blue; Thacker et al. [10] = red; for not color-coded cells see entries in Genbank via given accession numbers.
Fig 2.
Otolith terminology and otolith characters and character states used here for the phylogenetic analyses.
Images depict left otoliths (sagittae) in medial view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig 3.
Otoliths of the extant gobioid species used in this study.
Images depict left otoliths (sagittae) in medial view, except for Lesueurigobius sanzi, Aphia minuta, Asterropteryx semipunctata, Dormitator maculatus and Odontobutis obscurus, which represent right sagittae that were mirrored for better comparison. Otoliths were not available for the milyeringid Typhleotris madagascariensis. For sources of otoliths see Table 1. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig 4.
50% MRC Bayesian tree with posterior probabilities.
A Tree based on published DNA data of the 29 gobioid species used in this study (average standard deviation of split frequencies between two independent runs [ASDSF] = 0.003776; for sources of molecular data see Table 1). B Tree based on morphological characters of the extant species only (ASDSF = 0.002446). Scale bar, average number of substitutions per site respectively character changes per character.
Fig 5.
50% MRC Bayesian trees with posterior probabilities based on the extant plus ten fossil species.
A Tree based on only the morphological data set (ASDSF = 0.006790). B Tree based on the total evidence data set (ASDSF = 0.010856). Scale bars, average number of substitutions per site respectively character changes per character.
Fig 6.
50% MRC Bayesian trees with posterior probabilities based on the total-evidence dataset.
A †Carlomonnius quasigobius was added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.003939). B †Lepidocottus aries was added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.000854). Scale bars, average number of substitutions per site respectively character changes per character.
Fig 7.
50% MRC Bayesian trees with posterior probabilities based on the total-evidence dataset.
A †“Gobius” francofurtanus and †G. jarosi were added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.014107). B Both †Eleogobius species were added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.004114). Scale bars, average number of substitutions per site respectively character changes per character.
Fig 8.
50% MRC Bayesian trees with posterior probabilities based on the total-evidence dataset.
A †Pirskenius diatomaceus and †P. radoni were added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.017673). B †Paralates bleicheri and †Pa. chapelcorneri were added to the extant species (ASDSF = 0.006995). Scale bars, average number of substitutions per site respectively character changes per character.