Landscape Architecture Portfolio

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Who am I ?

My name is Qingyang Liu , a small-town girl born in Chongqing, China, having stayed in Beijing and Copenhagen, Denmark, following my academic career. Painting has always been my hobby and dream since childhood. With this persistence, I chose Landscape Architecture - a profession of beautiful fantasy and natural empathy. Studying in a multicultural context has gradually granted me deeper understanding of Urban Planning and Landscape Design, additionally, refreshing my knowledge of 'where we live now' and the man-land relationship within it.

Urban Design and Landscape Architecture are integral parts of the modern city. From improving sanitation and living conditions, providing accessible and high-quality public spaces, to contemporary place making with sustainability and eco-friendly consideration, Landscape Architecture has been devoted to conducting environmental interventions based on socialenvironmental contexts and for better urban living.

As a student with six-year LA learning, I am motivated by being able to address urban issues with landscape-perspective solutions and provide ingenious design proposals that create liveable city life for now and future.

I can especially contribute with:

Good knowledge of evolution of urban planning and theoretical methodology.

Excellent knowledge of plant applications.

Expertise in landscape design, dealing with projects in various scales (e.g., courtyard, campus green space, urban comprehensive park, rural planning, etc.) and themes (e.g., waterfront landscape design, climateresilience design, recreational community park design, etc.)

Good communication and organization skills, with a strong sense of responsibility and time management.

Skills & Hobbies Educations

Master's Degree

University of Copenhagen / 2021-Now / (Copenhagen, Denmark) Landscape Architecture - Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management / 2 years program.

Broad scientific knowledge about nature elements (especially plants, climate and soil) and artificial interventions (i.e., theoretical methods and practical design of landscape architecture and urban planning, supported by aesthetic art and drafting training).

The diversity of the program mainly equipped me with comprehensive competence in independent analysis, solutions to complex urban problems and creative design schemes.

Grade: 88/ 100

Bachelor's Degree

Beijing Forestry University / 2016-2020 / (Beijing, China)

Landscape Architecture - School of Landscape Architecture / 4 years program.

Compared to the previous study, the MA programme acquainted me the urban design as a complex interdisciplinary to me that combines creative disciplines and scientific knowledge with an understanding of society.

A landscape architect should not only follow current trends but consider future challenges & opportunities within urban development, care not only for human beings but also for the integration of nature and cities, resulting in stimulating, wellfunctioning and sustainable surroundings for people in the future.

Project: Theories and Methods in Landscape Architecture, Theories of Urban Design.

Grade: 10/ 12

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Free-hand sketching and computer drawing capabilities.

Good presentation and writing skills.

Experience with event planning and communication. Fluency in English communication and native Chinese.

Project: Health Design. Grade: 12/ 12

High School

Chongqing No.1 Secondary School / 2013-2016 / (Chonging, China) 3 years program.

Language

• Fluency in English communication and native Chinese.

Hobbies

• Painting, reading, baking and handicraft making.

Professional skills

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Professional hand and computer drawing capabilities: Proficiency in AutoCAD, Rhino, Illustrator, InDesign, Photoshop, Lumion. Basic knowledge of ArcGIS, Grasshopper, and SketchUp.

Extracurricular Activities

Beijing Forestry University / 2016-2018 / (Beijing, China)

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League Branch Secretary, Class 16-6. Head of Department of Social Service, Student Union, Beijing Forestry University.

Volunteer, 2018 Global Bamboo and Rattan Congress.

Volunteer, Alumni Foundation Conference, Beijing Forestry University.

Internship experience

A&N Studio, Assistant Landscape Architect, 2018 (Chongqing, China)

YS Studio, Assistant Landscape Architect, 2019 (Chongqing, China)

Citrus City Renovation - to rebuild the site to make citrus planting and urban drainage coexist.

Zhong county, Chongqing, China.

Time: 2018 - 2019

Type: individual project.

The Future Speculation of Artist Utopia In Bishan - to revive the countryside with its unique agri-cultural priority.

Bishan, Yi County, Anhui, China.

Time: 2019

Type: individual project.

How to Memorize the Polluted Anrong Hill - by covering, restoring and purifying the mountain with eco-friendly materials.

Anrong Vilage, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.

Time: 2020

Type: individual project.

Multifunctional Urban Park Design - to make it a combination of function, culture and ecology.

Heizhuanghu Town, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.

Time: 2020

Type: individual project.

The Path of Water - the resilient and climate-adaptable waterfront design for sea level rise.

Nykøbing Falster, Denmark.

Time: 2021

Type: individual project.

Landscape Redesign of the Slottet - the evidence-based and user-oriented redesign of the LGBT+ nursing home courtyard.

Nykøbing Falster, Denmark.

Time: 2022

Type: individual project.

The Good Life - to analyse the social housing based on the theories and methods of Landscape Architecture.

Fremtidens Taastrupgaard, Denmark.

Time: 2021

Type: individual project.

The Future Sustainable City - to analyse the new urban development strategy based on the theories of Urban Design.

Fremtidens Taastrupgaard, Denmark.

Time: 2022

Type: teamwork project.

Other Works - display of hand-painted works.

Time: 2016 - 2017

Type: individual project.

Citrus City Renovation 1

Transplanting the characteristic citrus planting pattern in the city to coexist urban agriculture and drainage solution.

What is the problem?

The site is located in Zhongxian county, which has special undulating hills and huge rainfall.

In the past 20 years, due to the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the water level along the Yangtze River rose in large quantities and produced internal tributaries, which limited the development of the city. The height and density of houses were constantly improved, and the urban hardness was increasingly intensified. At the same time, the current citrus planting land is adjacent to the urban development land, and some places even have conflicts.

Therefore, it is considered whether oranges’ unique drainage and water absorption can be used to create a new oasis for the city, relieve the internal waterlogging pressure of the city, and improve the economy and landscape ecology.

Functions and Values of Citrus

Planting Pattern

Citrus can absorb water to reduce surface rainwater runoff, adsorb soil to prevent soil erosion and conserve water resources.

a

Site Section Aa Citrus Strategy

A

Water

Lawn Road/ Square Soil

Site Section Bb

Citrus Strategy

b

Lawn Road/ Square Soil

Water

Lawn Road/ Square

2 Future Speculation of Artist Utopia In Bishan.

Based on the local cultural heritage and its unique agri-cultural priority, reviving the countryside with Landscape and Artist Perspective.

The Bishan dilemma

With hard-going cultural avant-garde, threatened farmland integrity and invasing tourism commercialization, how can Bishan find its own way out with its unique agri-cultural priority? I would like to focus on changing its present condition of being more petty bourgeois but paying poor attention to agricultural infrastructure. Also,I’m looking for a space opportunity to carry the dialogue between villagers and townsfolk in order to keep more people, especially artists, living in Bishan by promoting cultural alternation, thus striving to create a new Bishan where artists and villagers combine to become new farmers.

With hard-going cultural avant-garde, threatened farmland integrity and invasing tourism commercialization, how can Bishan find its own way out with its unique agri-cultural priority?

Yan Yangchu

The association for the advancement of civilian education.

Liang Shuming

Actively developed production, advocated and supported the development of cooperatives.

The intellectuals went to the countryside

Generation after generation of wise men went further into the vast rural areas in an effort to unlock the wisdom of the people and change their backwardness.

Ou Ning

Initiate art village renovation. The Bishan Project is about intellectuals returning to the countryside. It's about the idea of reactivating public life in rural areas.。It is an attempt to find a way to revive the countryside in response to the curent reality of urbanization in Asia and the crisis caused by global agricultural capitalism.

Modern rural revitalization

Single poverty alleviation and superficial beautiful rural construction cannot fundamentally solve rural problems. After years of pratice, Nongdao team summed up a set of system revitalization methods from hardware, software to operation.

Renovation for Different Opening Level of Courtyard Space

Conceptual Visualization of 3 Landscape Nodes

Reform

Reform of Pig’s Inn

Reform of The Health Care Center

How to Memorize the Polluted Anrong Hill

The memorial landscape with eco-friendly materials as covering, restoring and purifying solution.

Location and Design Strategy

Anrong Village, in Fengjiang Town, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, is one of the largest electronic waste villages in China. "Foreign garbage" from America, Japan, Korea and large numbers of electronic waste from Shanghai, jiangsu, zhejiang were shipped to the port by taizhou jiaojiang processing plants. The polluted depressions formed along with the blasting mountains have seriously polluted the soil and threatened the health of the villagers. This is a place where chernobyl-like toxins are spreading in all directions, and I hope to find a new material to cover the contaminated area and create a memorable landscape with the vitality of the material.

The island of Falster has always been tightly connected to the surrounding water. Throughout time, water has altered the landscape and shaped society by presenting great possibilities and threats. The island has recently experienced several catastrophic floods due to its proximity to the water, and the present-day climate changes have increased the risk of damaging floods.

The western coastline of the island creates one side of Guldborgsund. Seawater is often pushed into this narrow space and courses problems for low-lying areas, which must protect. However, implementing several different climate adaptation solutions at key locations makes it possible to prevent water from damaging urban areas along the coastline. This results in an overall climate adaptation strategy for the western coastline.

The strategy relies on landscape-based solutions and built structures to create flexible solutions that combat rising sea levels and storm floodings up to 2.6 meters.

THE PATH OF WATER

The project will explore the path of the water and how it shapes its surroundings. The design proposal is based on an analysis of the local water and the way it moves through the landscape and interacts with objects. The main idea is to explore the diverse nature of water and show the people how a life close to the water can be wonderful but also dangerous. The project area will both incorporate seawater and freshwater into the design and work with their different identities, qualities, and challenges.

BUILDING CONCEPT

Most of the buildings will be located at each end of the harbor front and by so creating two clusters of build structures in the southern and northern ends. These clusters will consist of both preserved buildings and new constructions that will have residential and commercial use. The build volume will gradually taper down so it frames the central part of the project area. Seen from the water that will create a concave shape that will supplement the convex shape of the old medieval city which is placed on a ridge.

WATER CONCEPT

The climate adaptation plan is based on the idea of protecting the two clusters of buildings by preventing the water from entering coursing damage. In-between the water however invited into the urban area and thereby is used actively in the design of the project.

DISTRICT CONCEPT

The project area will consist of four districts that have their own distinctive qualities and identity. The districts can be divided into two types: The dense build areas and the recreational open areas. The districts will however support and intersect each other so their qualities supplement and secure the experience of the whole area.

LANDMARK CONCEPT

house both a museum and facilities for a library, café, and conferences. The museum will explore and tell the history of Nykøbing Falster and the island of Falster and show visitors how identity and culture can be defined by the water that surrounds it.

THE INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT THE HARBOR PARK

THE MARKET DISTRICT

MEADOW COASTAL VEGETATION

RAIN GARDEN

PERSPECTIVE SECTION OF THE SPONGE PARK A

This district will re-meander the part of Tingsted Å that runs through the city and transform the green areas around it so they have more recreational va lue for the residents. The district will be a large green SUDS Sustainable urban drainage system that will support the story and understanding of the path of the water by showing how freshwater precipitate, is collected, stored, and lead away.

This story will support the story that is told along the harbor front by exposing new ways water can move and be. The park will attract nearby inhabitants and together with the harbor park this urban green structure will embrace the city center on each side and tie the project area together

PERSPECTIVE SECTION OF THE HARBOR PARK B b

This district will re-meander the part of Tingsted Å that runs through the city and transform the green areas around it so they have more recreational va lue for the residents. The district will be a large green SUDS Sustainable urban drainage system that will support the story and understanding of the path of the water by showing how freshwater precipitate, is collected, stored, and lead away.

This story will support the story that is told along the harbor front by exposing new ways water can move and be. The park will attract nearby inhabitants and together with the harbor park this urban green structure will embrace the city center on each side and tie the project area together

VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS

COASTAL VEGETATION

BIODIVERSITY

The area’s new planting will consist of primarily three different vegetation types: coastal, meadow and rain gar dens. These vegetation types must enhance biodiversity for the area, and at the same time have functions that are beneficial in connection with rainy periods, where they will delay or retain the water.

The specific species have been carefully selected to enhance biodi versity. Therefore, the species have been selected by looking at which species that would grow naturally, in similar environments. Emphasis has also been placed on species being at different altitudes to create mi croclimates in both understorey and overstorey, having different flowering periods and dispersal strategies, and more.

RAIN GARDEN VEGETATION

ENVIRONMENTS

The three types of vegetation make different demands on the planting due to their environmental challen ges.

Plants have been chosen that can withstand both wet and dry condi tions, as the rain gardens and the meadow will sometimes be flooded during rainy periods and other times the areas will be parched. The rains garden needs species with a relatively high salt tolerance, as the rainwater running through the streets will carry salt.

The harsh climate of the coast requ ires a certain tolerance both in terms of salt, water, and wind, therefore the coastal planting consists of spe cies with high salt, water and wind tolerance and some species that are great at holding on to sand. These plants have been carefully chosen to prevent it from being washed or blown away.

EXPRESSION

The planting of coastal vegetation and the meadow should be allo wed to multiply and develop as it will, this is done to have as natural a look as possible. It is therefo re important to keep it relatively uncontrolled, to support a pristine expression.

The rain gardens should have a more controlled, park-like look, without being too monotonous, so there should still be room for the natural fauna to interfere with the chosen planting.

Landscape Redesign of the Slottet (Excerpt).

The evidence-based and user-oriented redesign of the LGBT+ nursing home courtyard.

TABLE OF CONTENT WHERE

INTRODUCTION

Abstract Who Why Where How Aim

COLLECTING EVIDENCE

Target Group Site Presentation Landscape Analysis

PROGRAMMING

Target Group Human Health Use of Nature Environment Method and Theory

DESIGN Master Plan Detail Plan Collage Visualisation

EPILOGUE AND CONCLUSION

Discussion And Conclusion

References

DE GAMLES BY (THE OLD CITY)

The site of the project, The Slottet, is a nursing home with history in De Gamles By, the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Looking back in the history of this area, the beginning of housing for Copenhagen's elderly citizens in the city was laid with the construction of the hospital here in 1892.

and friendly community for seniors living.

THE SLOTTET

The Slottet is one of Copenhagen's unique municipal elderly homes. It was built in 1901 and renovated in 1994. It is worth noting that in November 2015, a new plan gave it a new status—becoming Denmark's first home for elderly LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people, where residents can live out their golden years without having to hide their true identity.

proven in reports from the early 2000s. Therefore, it is reasonable and necessary to design nursing homes according to the EBHDL model (Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Design): which will use the best current evidence from research and practice in making critical decisions, thus letting the design meet the needs of the target group and achieve the goal of using nature to promote people's health.

THE EBHDL PROCESS MODEL

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to propose a supporting and considerate design for the courtyard at the first and only LGBT+ nursing home in Denmark, the Slottet. The proposal started from a concern about the use of the nursing home's green spaces in Copenhagen, while then found a more vulnerable group: the elderly LGBT+ group. The new plan will use evidence-based approaches applying the EBHDL process model that help the elderly LGBT+ in Copenhagen who want to spend their golden years in a friendly, inclusive, high-quality care environment with a "rainbow profile".

Overall, the project hopes to encourage seniors to get closer to nature and enjoy outdoor experiences, supporting social interaction through rearranging the open spaces, thereby improving their physical health, mental health, and well-being.

Furthermore, methods and theories are used as guidelines when designing for a healthpromoting environment.

In 1901, a home for the elderly was built at Guldbergsgade (figure. 1) which was the initial form of "The Slottet". It was originally named "Salem" and was designed by the architect Gotfred Tvede (1863-1947). In 1994, "The Slottet" got its name from a newcome old lady who stood on the doorstep and exclaimed in delight:

- Oh, if I had known that I was going to a ball at the Castle, I would have put on my nice dress!

From that day on, the nursing home came to be called "The Slottet" because people at the nursing home thought they were obliged to cherish and preserve the enthusiasm and joy that the older lady expressed.

These two institutions (the hospital and the nursing home) were merged from 1918 under the common name of "De Gamles By" (means "The Old City" ), which came to consist of a total

figure. 1 figure. 2

of 24 different buildings and had around 1,500 residents in the 1920s.

Today the green area "De Gamles By" accommodates older people from four municipal nursery homes, kindergarten children, young students from the Free Upper Secondary School and families with small children. This area is still closely linked to the keywords "elderly" and "care". Beautiful urban parks, quiet neighbourhoods, friendly neighbours, proximity to medical facilities, etc. all provide a comfortable

THE EBHDL PROCESS MODEL

The guiding method of the project is the Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture, EBHDL (figure. 3), which is mainly divided into four steps: Evidence collection, programming, design and evaluation. It is always focused on the users as well as guiding and helping to make design decisions, providing effective theoretical support for design solutions that help to provide positive health benefits in the landscape.

More recently, evidence-based design is becoming increasingly important, as research evidence can be incorporated into aesthetic design. At the same time, it meets the challenges related to specific user groups and their requirements for the space, and ensures to find design solutions which result in improved health. (Stiegsdotter & Sidenius, 2020)

figure. 3

Landscape Design, Health Care and EvidenceBased Design

The function of Landscape Architects is to use and shape the land, coordinate environmental and human needs, and work to improve human and environmental health in all communities.

The Nursing Home is a health care institution that has defined target groups and provides explicit care functions. Undoubtedly, its environment (internal and external) is closely linked to supporting residents' health. This corresponds to the 4 foundation stones of the HDLA (Health Design within Landscape Architecture): The environment/The users/The human health aspect/The use of nature. The necessity of working in an Evidence-Based manner in health care architecture has been

SITE PRESENTATION

THE SLOTTET

The Slottet is situated in Nørrebro, Copenhagen (figure. 4). It was initially built in 1901 to serve as one of the Copenhagen's first elderly homes.

In 2015 it started to work as a care home that was open and welcoming to the older LGBT+ community. Today it can house 111 elderly people, with older homosexuals and bisexuals being an equal part of the residents.

VALUES AND THE RAINBOW IMAGE

"Diversity, inclusiveness and courage are big words that we want to fill everyday life with." from 'Slottet med regbuen'.

As a pioneer of the rainbow image of Danish elderly care, The Slottet also wants to show its values and ambitions in its setting.

Entering the Slottet, you will be greeted with a warm and colourful atmosphere: rainbow elements on the tables, colourful decorative graffiti, and a lovely painting upon the entrance (figure. 5). The Facebook account Plejehjemmet

Slottet - med Regnbue profile also records people's daily life here, and we can see the striking rainbow banner is dressed up on the exterior of the building on special holidays. (figure. 5)

NOT JUST AN LGBT GHETTO

According to the headmaster, Henriette Højsteen, the intention of the new rainbow profile was not only turning Slottet into a place where elderly LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) residents can live out their golden years without having to hide their true identity, but also purposefully works to ensure that

figure. 4 figure. 5 figure. 6

LGBTI+ people are also an integral part of the nursing home community.

“The LGBT profile has first and foremost given us the gift of a community of values.” In addition to being the first LGBT+ sanatorium in Denmark, the slottet acts as a normal sanatorium in many ways. (The biggest and key difference is that employees here have been on a course on what it means to have an LGBTI+ background when you are older; what times and major events the residents have lived through.)

The Slottet has spectacular castle-like buildings that surround the courtyard green in the middle. The courtyard has a large and beautiful greenhouse where residents can enjoy their afternoon tea, rain or shine. The courtyard is planted with tall trees and has a fountain and seating at the entrance. In addition, the southern

figure. 8

figure. 6

figure. 7

part of the castle faces the ByOase Park, which offers great opportunities for outdoor activities, such as common gardens, animals and a beautiful greenery. The others, however, has somewhat different profiles from other nursing homes– such as “food” or “music”. (figure. 5)

SITE CONTEXT

Unfortunately, due to the season and Corona, the current outdoor landscape does not look very good (figure. 6).

The sense of space created by plants disappears almost completely in winter and the courtyard looks empty. The landscape furniture without any shelter looks lonely in the cold wind. And most of the outdoor group activities, such as the daily therapeutic exercise, have been

figure. 9

cancelled, according to the staff. Even though, residents still enjoy the daily use of the outdoors (figure. 7).

People would sit on leeward benches and chat, rest by some randomly placed tables and chairs to enjoy sunshine and the scenery of the park. The residents grow plants in the planting boxes in person and put up introduction labels (figure. 8).

And also known from the interview with the staff that the elderly enjoy being outdoors, especially in good weather and in summer. They enjoy nature: fresh air, sunshine, flora and animals; they also like spending time outdoors socialising.

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

SWOT ANALYSIS

Weaknesses

People:

Opportunities

“The Good Life”

Ray Oldenburg’s theories and the book How To House, as well as the feedback of Danes on housing landscapes from rele vant research reports, while applying mor phology and semiology. Furthermore, con sidering the community’s self-building, resident influence and local democracy, the article will also reflect on the motiva tion for the transformation of social hous ing: to involve more people in.

Social housing as the third place

In community buildings, the third place is the social surroundings separate from the (‘first place’) and the workplace (“sec ond place”). This theory comes from the famous urban sociologist, Ray Oldenburg.

In his book The Great Good Place (1991), he emphasises that ‘third places are im portant for civil society, democracy, civic engagement, and establishing feelings of a sense of place.” The third place, where people relax in public, is the ‘anchors’ of community life. People meet familiar fac es and make new friends there, fostering broader, more creative interaction.

Abstract

In Denmark, social housing is closely linked to ‘the good life’. It supports the in dividual lives and social interactions of its tenants without prejudice; it is a physical expression of the values of each period in the form of living space and the expecta tions of the whole society for a good life.

In this article, I examine the spatial construction and landscape narrative of Fremtidens Taastrupgaard, a communi ty transformation plan, and interpret how the social housing landscape conveys the ‘good life’ to residents and the public from a morphological and semiotic perspective.

Introduction

Social housing is a crucial part of the welfare society in Denmark and is the sec ond largest sector of housing in the coun try (figure 2). For almost 150 years, social housing in Denmark has offered more than one million people of all kinds of good quality and decent housing at an affordable rent: families, students, disabled people, and the elderly, who span broadly on the social and economic scale and are of dif ferent cultural backgrounds. Social hous ing gives tenants the democracy to influ

ence their own housing conditions (stated in the law on Danish Social Housing).

“There is pretty strong evidence that the environment in which people live is closely linked to their well-being,” says Graham Rowles, a gerontology professor at the University of Kentucky. “It’s sort of like the human animal attachment to territory is built into our DNA.” The new study “Danes in the built environment” by Realdania and Bolius also reports (figure 3) that more than 60% of Danes consider housing to be very important for quality of life. Overall, the Danes love their homes. And social housing not only contributes to the welfare of special groups, but also to the harmony and development of society as a whole.

The origin and development of social housing in Denmark has always been ac companied by the concept of social wel fare and the expectation of a good life. Es pecially in the post-World War II phase of social reconstruction, faced with post-war turmoil and devastation, the state wanted to ensure a ‘good life’ for every citizen by ‘rapidly building a large number of social housing blocks’. And, the concept of wel

fare landscapes emerged out of the ‘Re configuring Welfare Landscapes’ research project in 2015, designating the shared open spaces of post-World War II housing estates (University of Copenhagen, n.d.), which also emphasises the relevance of so cial welfare to social housing landscapes.

Even communities that have long been on the ghetto list, suffering from stigma tization, had been designed by leading architects of their time, shaped by the concepts of a good life. Whether its orig inal plan-began in 1970 and by the KABwas to address the severe social housing shortage, hoping to provide everyone with “equal rights to housing and green space”, or the new plan in 2016-Fremtidens Taas trupgaard-which I will investigate in this

article, aims to present a new image of the community. Undoubtedly, each reno vation of social housing corresponds to a new interpretation and expectation of the “good life”, and the desire to materialise the “welfare”.

Just as politicians use the microphone to speak and writers use words to express themselves, I want to investigate how land scape architects use spatial language and landscape narratives to create and convey the values of the ‘’good life’’. In this arti cle, I consider, both as an interpreter with expertise and as an outsider who is not a local resident, how do social housing land scapes create images of a good life?

The article will present an analysis of Taastrupgaard’s latest plan, combining

In this paper, the functions and features of the social housing landscapes I study can be seen largely as the third place. With the development of society, human beings are not only satisfied with basic sustenance. New topics and elements such as democ racy, culture, ecology and social cohesion have enriched the image of the good life. And the housing landscape, which is the transition between personal and social life, a place that both protects one’s privacy and at the same time provides for commu nication with their neighbours. It is also a place where people share public services, educational resources, natural resources, and carry out human activities. If the first and second places are key to improving the residents‘ personal well-being and percep tions, the prosperity of the third place is strongly tied to the well-being of the whole society.

The new plan —— Fremtidens Taastrupgaard

The social housing complex of Taastrup gaard was built in 1970 on former agri cultural fields in Høje-Taastrup, a suburb west of Copenhagen (figure 4). It is locat ed between two ‘fingers’ in Copenhagen’s Urban Plan (figure 5), as part of the ex pansion of Copenhagen’s suburbs. More than 2,500 tenants from around 50 differ ent countries live here. During the almost 50-year lifespan of the housing area, it has been transformed several times in order to revitalize the area and get rid of the bad reputation relating to social challenges.

The Municipality of Høje-Taastrup and AKB came up with a plan in 2016, Frem tidens Taastrupgaard, to change the physi cal landscape of the area as well as to fur

ther upgrade the image and reputation of the community.

Figure 6 shows the master plan of Taas trupgaard. There are various types of housing buildings on the site: east-west facing 4-storey row houses, 2-3 storey row houses and townhouses, and 1-2 storey housing for the elderly. No longer a large homogeneous collection of thousands of tenants, the community of Taastrupgaard is divided into smaller units and has new definitions: the Forest Neighbourhood, the City Neighbourhood, the Garden Neigh bourhood and the Selsmose Neighbour hood.

A new cultural street, linking the Taas trup station, the Taastrup theatre and mu sic centre and the future Children’s Cul tural Centre, passes through the entire northern part of the community, linking to other cultural institutions in Taastrup. An abundant parking area to the north of the settlement is connected to some small car parks within the community by under ground tunnels, ensuring that the internal roads and spaces are car-free. Meanwhile, public transport is accessible to the south,

Figure

Figure 7. The social housing landscape conveys the ‘good life’ in different types of im ages.

and walking and cycling can conveniently travel through the whole community via paths or the new cultural street.

Apart from the 60 % area for the build ings, the open space-without inharmoni ous angles or rigid geometry-wraps around the roads and buildings there just like soft green cloth. It is accompanied by abundant and varied planting, which forms the green backdrop for the whole neighbourhood.

The community image of the good life

In Fremtidens Taastrupgaard, how is the ‘good life’ expressed to residents and the

Figure 5.

public through the social housing land scape?

From two perspectives, I would like to discuss the images of social housing: the images that would be seen on the ground— form and structure—and the images of the community in mind—symbol and mean ing (figure 7).

Smaller clustered neighbourhoods-less choice may mean more

Just like in a school of up to 2,500 peo ple, one’s socializing may be limited to a few people you see frequently or who have the same interests as you. I have my own experience of that, and the new plan also responds to that by shrinking the large col lection into smaller ones.

The new plan removes some buildings and consequently forms spatial gaps, which facilitate the formation of new small-scale neighbourhoods. They consist of only 8-10 living houses, offering around 180 apartments, and are accompanied by different themes (figure 8). The reduced scale of the neighbourhood firstly breaks the rhythm of repetitive monotony, and the clustered form of the neighbourhood

The resilient and climate-adaptable waterfront design for sea level rise.

is more wrapped and more cohesive than the narrow rectangular form, promoting a sense of security and facilitating internal interaction. On the other hand, an appro priate community size also makes it eas ier for residents to be familiar with each other, to communicate more and finally to achieve good neighbourhood relations.

A new spatial sequence-independent and mutually attractive

The site abandons the old ‘axis con trolled by urban roads’ and the ‘grid-like spatial language divided by the arrange ment of buildings’, with gaps created by public spaces promoting the independence of neighbourhoods, while the new main road connects the clusters horizontally.

Interestingly, in contrast to the complete separation of fences and walls, the new Taastrupgaard uses the different attributes of space to create zoning (figure 9): the di vision of outdoor spaces into zones from private to semi-private to public corre sponds to the transition from family life to community life to urban life; residents and visitors can easily see where they are al lowed to be and who belongs where. At the same time, the strong function of private, semi-private and public spaces leads to good relations between family members, neighbours, residents and visitors respec tively: safe backyards, friendly communi ty green spaces and an active urban life.

In this way, gaps not only do not create a lone-island effect on different neighbour hoods, but rather stimulate interaction be tween different groups in a social sense.

The main road also links cultural insti tutions within and outside the communi ty (figure 9); this not only amplifies their impact and enhances the functionality and attractiveness of the main road itself, but also supports Taastrupgaard’s links with the rest of the city through the grasp of the infrastructure. In the past, outsiders only met the community by motoring and pass ing by, or stopping briefly at theatres or car parks before driving away. unknown and bleak invited bad interpretations, which over time obscured the image of the com munity. ‘The garden experience entices the motorist to look at the surrounding landscape with fresh eyes. ’In other words, the new main road provides an opportuni ty for residents and visitors to experience the community’s landscape, further allow ing the image of the community to be bet ter understood.

A new language of curves-enjoy more of your time here

Gently winding curves replace straight lines running east-west and north-south (figure 10), and the new paths not only lead to destinations, but also guide residents to

enter and spend more time in the commu nity landscape: close to nature, enjoying the sun and fresh air, and socialising with their neighbours. The curves not only in fluence the form of the roads and green spaces, but also create a soft edge that forms the ‘clusters’ of the community.

Vibrant community facades-banner posters showcasing good commu

nity life

-

The facade view adjacent to the urban road is the most visual community at traction. It shows tenants and the public a snapshot of community life here: different thematically coloured clusters of build ings cater for different preferred lifestyles; low-rise senior housing means that people with special needs are cared for here; cul tural institutions give inhabitants a sense of functional security and satisfaction and attract potential future tenants.

The image of a caring, diverse and mul ticultural area is what you can see from Taastrupgaard road, as shown in the figure 11.

Community name renew al-gaining identity and tell ing new stories

“We want to create a new story for the area, and a new name can help. ”As jour nalist Anja Andersen reports, residents of areas plagued by stigmatization are also hoping that a new community name will help achieve a new good community im age.

In Taastrupgaard, the new community name is derived from the characteristics of the block itself and is strongly expressed in the landscape narrative (figure 12). The “Forest Neighbourhood” inherits the walls of Hveen Avenue and the dense vegeta tion western, adding new elevated walk ways, terraces and natural playgrounds and wooden materials to strengthen the theme. The “City Neighbourhood” is close to cultural institutions, so private balco nies are designed to protect the privacy of the residents. Here, open squares provide spaces to gather together. A large mix of paving and planting beds highlight the ac tive and open ‘city’ theme. The “Garden Neighbourhood” near the townhouse area provides apartments here with private and practical gardens, while the open spaces are also decorated with flower beds and fruit trees to echo the theme.

The new community name is combined with the landscape narrative to give resi dents a sense of identity and belonging,

Figure 8. The three different thematic neighbourhood clusters (with new scale) are inde pendent of each other and are linked by the new cultural road.

and at the same time allow the public to derive a new image feedback for the com munity, that is, the good life.

Figure 9. The new Cultural Road activates the north side of the community, creating an active public space.The neighbourhood green space wraps around the apartment buildings, creating a semi-private social space. High quality architecture equals great personal space. A clear definition of spatial accessibility safeguards individual privacy while meeting social and functional requirements.

The new Cultural Road not only spatially links neighbourhood clusters, but also uses its strong functionality to attract people to gather here and participate in activities to gether, with people from within and outside the community interacting with each other.

In addition to this, the cultural road connects other cultural institutions in Høje Taas trup, amplifying the influence of the ‘culture’ of the area as a symbol and bringing the rest of the taastrupgaard city into close contact.

ence of their inhabitants. and also, encour aging human contact through “guidance of behaviour by space” and therefore promot ing cohesion.

The other is the construction of the in tangible image: new community names inspired by the characteristics of the site, using symbolic materials (wood, stone, flower, etc.), forms (curves, cluster, etc.) to guide people’s perceptions, defining new routes and spaces to emphasise culture as the local symbol. In other words, it hopes that tenants and the public will create a new flow of the connotation of the com munity in mind, with the association and feedback of “good life”.

More thinking

In today’s world, the social housing land scape is not an exhibition as a designer’s artwork, nor is it just a container to house more people. It carries the daily life of each of us and is also closely related to the wel fare of society as a whole. Therefore, so cial housing projects need to be designed and expressed with care for the needs of different groups and in a language that can be interpreted by the general public.

is a proposition that will help us to plan and design for the future with ‘care’ in mind.

Furthermore, the transformation and de sign of social housing is a dynamic pro cess: as time passes, use causes functional wear and tear, new needs and concerns emerge, and change inevitably never stops.

How can this process avoid a “quick and complete rejection of the project”? I be lieve that more people should be involved: Involving more people in the design: avoiding the “monopoly on decision-mak ing by a small group of experts and passive acceptance by the public” and taking more account of the needs of users: democratic voting, field trips, big data research, etc.

Participation makes it easier for design solutions to be accepted and supported.

Involving more people in community construction: in the past, people built their own houses and tribes; even today, people love to decorate their backyards. A great deal of time and emotion is invested in the construction process, making the emotion al bond between the inhabitants and their living environment even stronger.

References

Realdania, the Bolius Knowledge Center, “The Danes in the built environment 2018”, https://realdania.dk/publikationer/ faglige-publikationer/danskerne-i-detbyggede-milj%C3%B8

UDSATTE OMRADER, “Evaluation of vulnerable housing areas”, utsatteområde. dk

Philip Moeller, (2012), “Why Our Homes Make Us Happy”, article comes from the U.S. News ebook, https://money.us news.com/money/personal-finance/arti cles/2012/04/05/why-our-homes-make-ushappy

Harrison, R. (2015). Beyond “natural” and “cultural” heritage: Toward an onto logical politics of heritage in the age of anthropocene. Heritage & Society, 8(1), 24-42. https://do.org/10.1179/2159032X1 5Z.00000000036

Conclusion

The case study of Fremtidens Taastrup gaard shows that there are two main ways in which the social housing landscape builds the image of “the good life”.

Figure 10. It can be seen that the shape of the roads and open spaces within the neigh bourhoods are soft and meandering, which means that people will spend more time here, enjoying comfortable outdoor spaces with their families or neighbours.

Figure 11. In the future, a new community section can be seen from Taastrupgaard Street: diverse and colourful neighbourhood clus ters, caring housings, active open spaces and cultural institutions.

The first is the construction of the physi cal image: the renewal of the building’s fa cade, the reduction of the neighbourhood’s size, the definition of spatial access, the addition of functional institutions, reshap ing of open spaces, the planting of diverse vegetation, etc. These changes provide res idents with a higher quality of community space, meet the needs for functionality and differentiation, and increase interaction between neighbours. In other words, they provide a satisfying living environment that directly optimises the daily experi

Actually, this is also the charm of land scape design and the language of space: the use of spatial forms and symbols to communicate with the experiencers, to guide positive human behaviour and to allow non-experts to interpret the good values of the design. For example, in the Fremtidens Taastrupgaard project: neigh bourhood forms wrapped in curved lan guage-enhancing community cohesion and a sense of security; small-scale neigh bourhood units-where a small number of people meet several times-generating a sense of familiarity and increasing the likelihood and frequency of neighbour hood interaction; responsive community themes-catering for differentiated choic es-allowing residents to develop a sense of identification with their environment and a sense of belonging, etc.

The study of “How does the social hous ing landscape create images of good life?”

Involving more people in community maintenance: In China, the maintenance of residential landscapes is often the sole responsibility of ‘property organisations’, but with this comes high fees. In Denmark, I am not sure, but I think it is necessary to involve the residents as part of the main tenance of the community landscape: the human instinct left over from the agrarian era drives people to take care of the flo ra and fauna in their community. In this article, the practical gardens, flower beds and fruit trees of the “Garden neighbour hood” encourage residents to participate in the daily maintenance of the communi ty, which not only prolongs the life of the landscape, but also creates a sense of be longing to the environment.

In these ways, social housing can create a “good life” for more individuals and so ciety.

Blanchon, B. (2011). Public housing land scapes in France, 1945-1975. Landscape Research, 36(6), 683-702. http://doio rg/10.1080/01426397.2011.619653

Natasja Parsons, Taastrupgaard - Redis covering the Potentials of a Social Housing Landscape, (2019), Unpublished document

Ray Oldenburg, “The Great Good Place”, (1989), Available from: https://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Third_place

Mads Klim Jacobsen, “Yes to the Taastrup gaard of the Future”, (2021), https://www. kab-bolig.dk/nyheder/2021/ja-til-frem tidens-taastrupgaard

BL-Danish Social Housing, “How To House”, (2014), www.bl.dk

The Future Sustainable City.

Introduction

Nordhavn was established in the end of the 1800, as an industrial area. In De cember 2005 the Danish government and the municipality of Copenhagen made an agreement about a new city development plan. The agreement was established by law in 2007, and a competition began about making the new sustainable city of the future. The competition was done by 2009 and covers more than 2 km2. The de velopment of Nordhavn is being done by a close dialog with residents, future resi dents, and people of interest, and began the first part ‘Århusgadekvareteret’ in 2011.[1] Nordhavn is expected done in 20-40 years. [2]

The primary focus in the vision of Nord havn is; ‘the sustainable city of the future,’ and includes 6 points for the development. The points are not all strangers to the city development plan throughout history, but if you ask different authors, their look upon the points are different.

Le Corbusier(1943) mentions in ‘The

The vision uses open space (water) as an extension of the home, separating traffic, but does not separate functions, and in that way he would probably not like it.

Jane Jacobs(1961) mentions in ’The Uses of Sidewalks: Contact’: the impor tance of mixed functions, as it provides sidewalk life. Furthermore, she mentions that there should be no forced together ness.

The vision mixes functions but is indi cating to force togetherness as the public life is in focus, which is why Jacobs would probably not like it.

Nan Ellin(1996) mentions in ‘Themes of Postmodern Urbanism’: Form follows: Fic tion (about ignoring changes), Fear (about privatise), Finesse (about ignoring context) and Finance (about not considering con temporary political economy).

The vision considers climate change by the focus, making the most public, taking the water and old buildings into account, but fails to consider the economy as the prices have gone wild.

port.

the public.[3]

Neither Le Corbusier, Jane Jacobs or Nan Ellin mentions the importance of sustain ability which put the strategy of Nordhavn into the sustainable city - of the future. Sustainability is undoubtful the primary focus of the strategy, but also public space and identity is important.

by cooling the local microclimate.

“Green and Blue” in Nord havn

The Nordhavn Urban Strategy reflects this approach by including green spaces as a central part of the theme “Blue and

Nordhavn’s successful public space strategy

In Hajer and Reijndorp’s book In Search of New Public Domain, they explain that to create good public spaces and places for the public domain, one should try to see why the public space is successful and not just copy off already successful public places.

Looking at Nordhavn from this point of view, we saw in the strategies and heard from Karoline Liedtke - Sørensen - head of Landscape at COBE - that they have part ed Nordhavn into different districts and evaluated each after finishing one.

They try to get informed from such step-by-step evaluations: What has been verified to be successful, and what hasn’t? What should be made differently in the up coming districts?

Doing so is to increase the fault toler ance of Nordhavn’s new plan, making it adjustable rather than the same stubborn

plan for all regions.

“We define ‘public do main’ as those places where an exchange be tween different social groups is possible and also actually occurs.” (Hajer & Rejndorp, 2002)

In the Nordhavn Strategy, planners have considered its potential “to contain the public domain as much as possible.” Even though it is included, you can still discuss whether the plan has succeeded.

Learning on tour to Nordhavn, there have been a lot of restrictions in parts of Nordhavn – e.g., the red playground has limited opening hours, and the waterfront is gradually becoming more regulated.

Those could be seen as a domestication of Nordhavn – as discussed by Ali Mada nipour - which gives Nordhavn both the benefits of the urban and of suburban: it becomes the in-between city.

“The matter of access to public space is not only one of provision and lo cation, but also one of design and governance.” (Low & Iveson, 2016)

Nordhavn’s public domain

When discussing public spaces, Hajer and Reijndorp also explain the concept of the public domain.

Public domain is a concept that adds an extra layer to public space: it is an ex change between people, a space where we meet ‘the other.’

Low and Iveson also touch on this sub ject, but in the matter of misrecognition.

“[…] misrecognition may take the form of rules concerning behavior in a public space […].” (Low & Iveson, 2016).

Nonetheless, the public domain can also be found in privately owned spaces, which might be more frequent in the case of Nor dhavn.

Regard Nordhavn as a series of places

Sustainability and resil ience as new urban expec tations

In times of global environmental chal lenges such as climate change or biodiver sity loss, cities are expected to increasingly implement aspects of sustainable develop ment, as reflected in the UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 “Sustainable Cities and Communities” (United Nations 2015).

Urban Design scholars hereby often focus on the concept of resilience, which is relat ed to, yet not identical with the concept of sustainability. The Stockholm Resilience Centre defines resilience as the “capacity

of a system to deal with change and con tinue to develop” (Stockholm Resilience Centre 2015).

Green spaces plays a role

For example, Mertens argues that the profession of landscape architecture “has an increasingly important and also partial ly new role to play in the context of climate change” (Mertens 2022, p. 333). Facing ef fects of climate change such as heat waves and sea level rise, cities must both contrib ute to the mitigation of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to already inevitable consequenc es of climate change. A key role in this, according to Mertens, play urban green spaces, as they have the potential to act as carbon sinks, retain and infiltrate rainwa ter and thus help to deal with extreme rain fall, and mitigate urban heat island effects

Expensive “optionality”

In Nordhavn, the Lidl and Net to signs are altered to fit into the sur roundings – it gives the conception that there is no space for ordinary people.

Nordhavn becomes selective because peo ple can’t recognize themselves in the area. All shops are in fact high end which cuts off a lot of groups in the city. (figure 5&6)

Nordhavn’s strategy describes the area as “intended to be for all groups,” and there needs to be something for everyone.

However, the reality is that it’s too expen sive to live there - even for rentals.

Low and Iveson explains this problem as “a form of distributive injustice” (Low & Iveson, 2016). They discuss that if those who want to use the public spaces feel they

Based on John Agnew’s definition of place, Cresswell (2004) argues that we are all emplaced. As a result, we observe, rec ognize, and understand the world through places. It is placemaking that people en gage in that strengthens the relationship between people and their environment, transforming spaces into meaningful plac es.

Based on place theory, Nordhavn can be seen as a series of places. Thus in the following discussion, we will interpret the strategies and place-making that guide planning here to understand life in Nord havn better.

T. Hansson (nxk255), Jeppe W. Resen (wzd442), Qingyang Liu (dzt579), Ivalo M.

“What happens when a site changes against its intention?”

“We experience and understand the world through places”, Tim Cresswell (2004)

Nordhavn’s identity: a new city on the water

According to Norberg-schulz (1976) , places with identity are necessary for hu mans’ ‘dwelling’ or belonging. It encour ages people’s identification with the en vironment and thus a feeling of being at home, which is particularly essential for Nordhavn, an up-and-coming residential district.

Edward Relph (2016) states that we can easily handle the identity of a place by researching its three interrelated compo nents: forms, activities, and meanings. As a new residential area transformed from an industrial port, Nordhavn takes much effort to maintain its harbor identity, which is not against its ambition of being a mul tifunctional and liveable city in the future. Thus, we will be impressed by unambig uous expressions of Nordhavn’s water life in three dimensions: forms, activities, and meanings.

Forms

Preserving existing harbor buildings and structures in following ways:

• Keeping typical structures as harbor landmark (figure 13),

• Attaching new modern functions and uses to well-preserved buildings (figure 14),

• Retaining parts and transforming them into new ones (figure 15),

• Providing inspiration for new building materials and forms (figure 16).

Creating new districts which never far from the water and panoramic sea views:

• Residential, office and shopping dis tricts are built with canals and “islands,” leading a unique and multifunctional liv ing (figure 17),

• Public spaces：

Canals as public places give dif ferent and readable identity to each island (figure 18),

Water-related facilities such as stairs, low promenades, beaches, piers, etc., enable easy access to the water.

Specific designs, such as play grounds and sculptures, inspired by water theme (figure 19).

Activities

In Nordhavn, residents and visitors of all ages can engage in abundant water-related

Figure 17.

Keep memory in Nordhavn

Memory is naturally place-supported.

in planning place memory, not only the ur ban planners and designers.

In cobe’s open office, converted from an old warehouse, people can get in formed about the new program in Nord havn through models, texts, open events and urban workshops, getting to know its detailed developing process. Sharing is caring. It is a magnificent action that pro motes collaboration with local communi ties and listening to the public.

one could be afraid that it will become a “fortress for the rich”. This problem is also something we could have brought up, with the backing of e.g. Nan Ellin or Low & Iveson’s ideas, had we approached the analysis from a different angle.

References

[1] Nordhavn - før og nu, https://byoghavn. dk/nordhavn/nordhavn-foer-og-nu/

Basel.

Norberg-Schulz, C. (1976): ‘The Phenom enon of Place’ in Architectural Associa tion Quarterly 8 (4), pp. 3-10

Figure 18.

activities and enjoy the experience of close contact with water.

Sandkaj is the most favourable place here. It is open to the public and full of people, especially in summer. People can enjoy leisure time on the beach, playing sports such as surfing, swimming, and diving in safe waters. (figure 20)

Besides, fishing, rowing, and sailing is also popular activities, and people can tak ing a boat trip around districts giving to the perfect canal structure. (figure 21)

Children will like marine-themed

Figure 19. Figure 21.

Hayden: “We might even say that memory is natu rally place-oriented or at least place-supported”.

(Hayden 1995, p. 46)

squares here. And adults can enjoy the picturesque views from the seafront build ings.

Meanings

In Nordhavn, we can see much actions taking by designers in various aspects: preserving heritage, expressing aesthetics, creating diverse activity possibilities, and developing a sustainable canal & island structure.

All these efforts contribute to the new Nordhavn program, which hopes to reveal and reinforce its unique identity as a har bor city, thus achieving adaptability to the local environment, social life, and users.

As a series of places with contexts, Nor dhavn is a stable container of experiences that enables present and potential residents to place, share, narrate and transmit their memories. Place memory is an indispen sable part of identity. The combination of different roles of people and social experi ences decides the history of a city. There fore, the new Nordhavn program seriously considers what kind of and how to keep place memory here.

Physical spaces can trigger memories, individually and shared.

The new Nordhavn plan helps communi ties reconnect with their social memory by conserving and transforming the physical structures and landscapes: the industrial grid and existing buildings are integrated points of departure for the new develop ment.

Therefore the new plan never be dem olition & reconstruction but rather a sitebased transformation. Today in Nordhavn, people can still find marinas, containers, industrial-era steel structures (figure 1) and silos, all of which tell the story of its past as a busy port.

At the same time, these historical traces also inspire new place-making, in which elements and shadows reflect its harbor image.

Physical spaces also served as a good platform for social memory.

Through it, past residents feel involved and induce the narrative and transmission of memories. Furthermore, on the other hand, new residents build up knowledge of the place here, thus paving the way for attachment and new memory.

Unprejudiced and diverse preserva tion of place memory

The people or groups who ‘own’ the memories of the place should be involved

Discussion

Bringing the three aspects together, we see the whole picture of Nordhavn from the angle we’ve experienced the place. Based on our analysis, we assess that the 2009 Nordhavn strategy has to some ex tent been successfully implemented. You can tell that the strategy has evolved since it has been written, but not in written form as far as we know. This has become clear when COBE’s Karoline Liedtke-Sørensen gave us insights into a more recent version of the development strategy. This flexibil ity has to some extent been incorporated in the strategy, seeing there are parts that highlight the need for flexibility towards different changes in the future.

The fact that the strategy is relatively old and condensed also meant that we had to do some speculations about how exact ly the authors intended the ideas and how they intended to put the goals into practice in many cases (e.g., protection from rising sea levels).

It has also become clear that there could have been more focus on the accessibili ty for different groups in Nordhavn, not thinking of the accessibility of non-auton omous groups since they have been well incorporated in the strategy. The strategy has some parts of this incorporated, such as “Nordhavn will be [...] a diverse, mixed city with room for everyone” but it lacks the how.

Furthermore, given the strategy’s flexi bility for future trends, might there be a possibility for Nordhavn to lose its current distinctiveness the further along in the construction process they come? Århus gadekvarteret is the showcase piece of Nordhavn and is really implementing many points from the strategy - it looks nice and is being used as described - but already, going a bit further towards CO BE’s offices, there are more generic build ings looking much like all other new de velopment areas in Denmark, e.g. Høje, Taastrup, and Ørestad.

Walking around in Nordhavn, observing the surroundings, the shops, and knowing why the lands are being sold - to finance the metro - and the fact that the area is some what cut of from the rest of the city by the train tracks and Kalkbrænderihavnsgade,

This highlights the contextual nature of our report. The authors we’ve picked could have been different, had our focus in the three themes been from another angle. E.g., if we had focused more on the human scale of the public spaces, we could have brought in Gehl, had we chosen to use The Athens Charter as the main text, then we might have had a more negative point of departure towards the design of Nordhavn, and what the strategy bring to the tablee.g. regarding mixed use. To conclude, had we visited the area on another day, had we had a different group constellation or had taken our point of view from other texts, the view of the strategy and Nordhavn would have been completely different.

Conclusion

Historically. The strategy of Nordhavn is changing the focus to adapt to the future. At the time Le Corbusier and Jane Jacobs wrote their text, climate change wasn’t an issue addressed in city planning. Nan Ellin addressed change and context to be at fo cus which is linked to the strategy of Nor dhavns theme of sustainability.

Sustainability. As the main focus of de velopment to adapt to the inevitable con sequences of climate change, this poses a new important challenge for landscape architects and city planners in Nordhavn. They adresse the subject by making a “blue and Green city,” but maybe do not take the important part of vegetation, water fea tures and material into account enough in the strategy. They focus more on how the blue and green city can be a public space. The public space in Nord havn is divided into districts, where they build a new district by evaluating the pre vious district, this gives opportunities to create different public domains, but with all the restrictions learned by visiting Nor dhavn it can be discussed whether or not it’s successful. Public domains would then be more frequent in privately owned spac es. A privately owned space in Nordhavn is not for everyone, the cost of residence is high, and even the signs for everyday stores are altered to meet that exclusive identity.

Place identity. The strategy puts much emphasis on preserving and recreating the place identity of the former harbour. Us ing Relph’s perspective on place identity, the ways in which this goal is pursued are highlighted. Moreover, the ways in which Nordhavn helps to include aspects of place memory, as described by Hayden, are shown.

[2] Anders Hjort, 18. Okt. 2012, Ny bydel i København står først færdig om 30-50 år, https://politiken.dk/kultur/art5412282/Nybydel-i-K%C3%B8benhavn-st%C3%A5rf%C3%B8rst-f%C3%A6rdig-om-30-50%C3%A5r

[3] Nordhavn Har KØbenhavns Dyreste Lejligheder, https://finansbureauet.dk/ nordhavn-har-koebenhavns-dyreste-le jligheder.125824.html

Ali Madanipour (1999): ‘Why are the De sign and Development of Public Spaces significant for cities’ from Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol ume 26, pp. 879-891

Beatley, T. and Newman, P. (2013): ‘Bi ophilic Cities Are Sustainable, Resilient Cities’ from Sustainability 2013, 5, pp. 3328-3345

Copenhagen City and Port Development (2009): ‘Nordhavnen Urban Strategy’

Cresswell, T. (2004) ‘Defining Place’ from ‘Place - A Short Introduction’. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 1-12.

Ellin, N. (1996) ‘Themes of Postmodern Urbanism’ from Postmodern Urbanism. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 133-181.

Hajer & Reijndorp (2002): ‘The Public Domain as Perspective’ from In Search of New Public Domain. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers, pp. 7-17

Hayden, D. (1995) ‘Place Memory and Urban Preservation’ from ‘The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public Histo ry’. MIT Press, pp. 44-78.

Jacob, J. (1961) ‘The Use of Sidewalks: Contact’ from The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Pimlico 2000, pp. 66-84.

Le Corbusier (1933/1943), translated Eard ley, A. (1973) The Athens Charter. New York: Grossman.

Low & Iveson (2016): ‘Propositions for More Just Urban Public Spaces’ from

Mitransinovic & Mehta (2021): ‘Public Space Reader’ chapter 3.2 pp. 120-126, Routledge, 2021

Mertens, E. (2022): ‘Landscape Architec ture and the resilience of cities in times of climate change’ in Mertens, E. (2022): ‘Resilient City. Landscape architecture for climate change’ pp. 235-242, Birkhäuser

Relph, E. (2016): ‘The Paradox of Place and the Evolution of Placelessness’ from Freestone, R. & Liu, E.: ‘Place and Place lessness Revisited’. Routledge.

Sieverts (1997), translated by George, D. (2008): ‘Where We Live Now’ in Stadler, M. (2008) (ed) Where We Live Now: An annotated reader. Suddenly, pp. 21-54

Stockholm Resilience Centre (2015): ‘What is resilience?’, https://www.stock holmresilience.org/research/researchnews/2015-02-19-what-is-resilience.html

United Nations (2015): ‘Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, https://sdgs.un.org/publica tions/transforming-our-world-2030-agen da-sustainable-development-17981

Group 5 Cosmo T. Hansson (nxk255), Jeppe W. Resen (wzd442), Qingyang Liu (dzt579), Ivalo M. B.