Once widespread in south-eastern Australia, the White-footed Rabbit-rat (Conilurus albipes) became extinct across its entire range soon after European settlement, with the last known living example from Victoria recorded from central and western areas of the colony in the mid 1840s. Its biology, ecology and distribution remain ill-defined. It appears to have been restricted to the fertile soils associated with what we now describe as 'woodlands'. The economies and agricultural practices of Indigenous communities saw the preferential cultivation of grasses and tubers in the fertile woodland habitat of C. albipes. We consider that the over the millennia this vegetarian rodent had evolved an obligate association with such cultivation, particularly the Murnong or Yam Daisy Microseris sp (p). Extinction of either adversely affected the other. Conilurus albipes was a totemic animal for some indigenous language groups in south-eastern Australia and probably a food resource. (The Victorian Naturalist 136(2), 2019, 78-84) Key words: White-footed Rabbit-rat, Conilurus albipes, Microseris spp., Indigenous agriculture, GunaiKurnai, Ngarigo and Wolgal