MOTH MONIIORING SCHEME

Transcription

1 MOTH MONIIORING SCHEME A handbook for field work and data reporting Environment Data Centre 1/1/1/ National Boord of Waters and the Environment Nordic Council of Ministers /////// Helsinki 1 994

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3 Environmental Report 8 MOTH MONITORING SCHEME A handbook for field work and data reporting Environment Data Centre National Board of Waters and the Environment Helsinki 1994

4 Published by Environment Data Centre (EDC) National Board of Waters and the Environment P.O.BOX 250 FIN Helsinki FINLAND Tel Fax Internet address: Guy.Soderman@VYH.Fl Edited by Guy Söderman, EDC Technical editng by Päivi Tahvanainen, EDC This handbook has been circulated for comments to the members of the project group for moth monitoring in the Nordic countries under the auspices of the Monitoring and Data Group of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Cover photo Tarla Söderman Checking of installation of light trap at Vilsandi National Park in Estonia. Printed by Painotalo MIKTOR Ky, Helsinki ISBN ISSN

5 CONTENTS 4 INTRODUCTION. 5 PART 1: OBJECTIVES 7 1 Short term objectives 7 2 Medium-long term objectives 8 3 Additional objectives 8 4 Specific goals 9 5 Network design Geographical coverage Biotopes coverage 10 PART II: METRODOLOGY 11 1 Technical equipments and use Structure of Iight traps Field installation Structure ofbait trap Documentation of sites Timing the light traps Sampling procedures 15 2 Sample handling Prestoring Posting Poststoring Identification Separation for dry storing 17 PART III: DATA HANDLING AND REPORTING 18 1 NOCTURNA Data Entry System Installation Starting the application Database structure 19 3

6 1.4 Working with NOCTURNA application Data retrieval and output files Deleting data and reorganisation of database 27 2 NOCTURNA Central Database 28 3 Reporting procedures 28 APPENDICES 29 1 Database Structure 30 2 Habitat list 32 3 Recommended forms to be distinguished 36 4 Recommended sex-ratio to he distinguished 38 5 Species list 39 6 Trap card 58 7 Dataforms 59 4

7 but INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Ali countries which have signed the Article 7 of the Convention of Biodiversity of the Agenda 21 are responsihle for: 1. identifying components of biodiversity of importance for its preservation and sustain abie use; 2. monitoring these components ofbiodiversi ty and pay special attention to those which require fast response for conservation and those who offer the greatest potential for sustainable use; 3. identifying processes and categories of ac tivities which have or will possibly bear negative effects on preservance ofbiodiver sity and to monitor these; 4. maintaining and organising with an appro priate mechanism, data refening to above mentioned identification and monitoring ac tivities. The signing of the Convention means that some practicai ways to monitor the biodiversity and its man-induced negative effects must he deveioped. For northwestem Europe no specif ic biodiversity monitoring schemes have yet been developed. Several proposais exist for using aiready existing schemes, originaily de signed for otherpurposes, like monitoring stocks of game, fish, birds, coniferous tree stands, inventories of wetlands and culturai landscapes etc as indicator groups for biodiversity mon itoring several of these indicator groups have their flaws. WHY THEN MOTHS? The moths inciude a large group of the insect order Lepidoptera, the species of which feed as herbivores in many niches of the ecosystem; ftom roots to buds of tree tops, on a variety of plants like iichens, mosses, ferns, vascuiarpiants and falien ieaves, and they compose a large part of the prey of insectivorous predators like bats and birds, some of which are becoming highiy endangered in Europe. Furthermore, uniike migrating birds and mammais, moths are quite locai in their appear ance (with the exception of some weii-known long-range transboundary species) and the pop ulations reflect rather weli the conditions of the habitats in which the moths are caught. Moths have one to two generations per year, which make them more susceptible to changes in their environment than piants of which the majority are perennial and siow indicators of change. Reactions to changes in the environ ment have been documented for moths in sever ai cases, the concept of meianism is perhaps the best known of these. One of the favourahle aspects of moth mon itoring is however its cost-effectiveness. Mon itoring can be automated with traps which are unexpensive to construct or buy and install. An average investment ofca ECU/instal 5

8 lation has been calculated. The price will de pend upon the choice of the trap model. The sampling costs can effectively he reduced, if the moth sampling can he coincided with other types of sampling of the environment (an annual cost of ca 180 ECU/trap/year has been estimat ed) and, furthermore, by enrolling private col Iectors who will determine the collected mate rial for the compensation of receiving speci mens to his/her collection, apart ftom a nominal fee for the extra work. As the catch of each trap might per year comprise some species and 1,000 8,000 specimens, the annual incre ment of the data collection from the site network might be high; e.g. in Finland more than 75,000 weekly records were gained in 1993 for ca 100 traps. Moth monitoring thus facilitates ample amounts of data for different types of diversity calculations which can be repeated year after year. RE$TRICTION$ Monitoring moths with the use of light-traps, which is described in this manual, will bear some restrictions on the data collection which shouid he known in advance. Moth monitoring is focussed on the following Lepidoptera groups: Hepaloidea, Cossoidea, Drepanoidea, Ge ometroidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea and Noctuoidea; viz. s.c macrolepidoptera. It is furthermore restricted to those species which are nocturnally active (some moths oniy fly in sunshine) and which are attracted to iight. Sev eral species are not very abundant in light traps, but are more abundantly attracted to baits. There fore light trap catches do not fully reflect popu lation density of ali species (which can he cor rected if bait trap sampling is performed as a complementing monitoring technique). Automated light traps wili attract other moths, s.c. microlepidoptera, as well. Their determi nation is however more tedious, the quality of the material is poorer, and many species and populations are very local. Therefore, atpresent, they are not regarded very useful for indications of environmental change. ORGANISATIONAL A$PECTS Moth coliecting and moth monitoring are two different things, aithough the applied techniques are very simiiar. Moth collecting has in many countries been carried out for several decades by amateur or professional private collectors of Lepidopterological Societies. The aim of the private collector is to catch good or rare species for his/her collection, which often means identifying and picking only a few specimens per catch and leaving the rest. To this is of course directly implicated the fact, of changing sites and biotopes frequently. The aim of the monitor is to catch common species and count ing every determined specimen and to induige the tiresome fact of a stahle site over many years. Having this in mmd, it is often evident that organising moth monitoring is not in the keenest interest of Lepidopterological Societies, but more in the interest of environmental or associ ated authorities. To he successful, a good co operation between private collectors and the authorities must be estabiished. A following ldnd of arrangement is one way of assuring a worldng organisation. 1. Each tor several) pair(s) of traps are installed by a regional or central authority, which assigns one or more sampier to maintain the field traps and to weekiy collect the catch. The authority should take the responsibility for site maintenance (spare-parts for traps, prestoring etc.). 2. The material of each (or several) pair(s) of traps are determined by an expert, which may or may not he part of the organisation. In order to motivate private collectors, an annual circulation of identification respon sibility may he established (material from sites of different geographical parts of the Country). 3. The regional or central authority ColleCts the data from its area and may perform regional anaiyses of the data for local and regional purposes. 4. A national coordination unit collects core data from ali regional units and analyses the data on the national level. Information on the national results must he returned back to the whoie organisation to ensure that each ones work has heen appreciated. The national Coordination unit should assist the authori ties through its expertise. 5. The national coordination units of different countries can establish an international net work of Co-operation dividing the work with, or authorizing one of the coordination units to report on, or exchange, internationally significant results to the national networks. 6

9 PARI 1: Objectives Moth monitoring is a Iong-term monitoring scheme which aims at collecting information on changes in moth populations and their habitats over a long time period. The monitoring scheme should be designed for mnning more than 10 years, preferably longer. There are many natural causes for fluctua tion in moth populations, a fact known as a resuit of intensive moth collecting and research in northern Europe for almost a century. Be cause of this, fast results from the monitoring are not expected. But although hard evidence for changes in the overali state of the environ ment can be drawn only after several years of monitoring, the collected information can he utilized aiready after a few years on a local and regional basis. Therefore different types of objectives can he set up for the moth monitoring, viz. short term objectives (reachable after 1 3 years), medium-long term objectives (reachable after 5 10 years) and additional objectives (strength ening of other hiological monitoring schemes). 1 SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Inhalance in an ecosystem may often manifest in a mass occurrence of a species. Sometimes such a high-density population might cause damage to its food plant, even to economical extent. There are several moths in Europe that are known to have had and stili having temporaiy mass occurrences and are classified as injurious to forestry or agriculture. In particular in central and southem Europe certain local and regional mass occurrences of moth species are more significant in defoliation trees than long range transhoundary airpollution. This instabil ity in the habitat of the species is usually self correcting within a few years as a resuit of natural biological control, but often the instabil ity is irreversible and can Iead to severa succes sions of mass occurrences. Of course the disap pearance a species from its habitat is an equally strong indication of instability, but this is more difficult to allocate to ecosystem instability as a change in climate can he the cause for a tempo ral disappearance as wejl A deterioration in a habitat may not always manifest as a mass occurrence, but as a change in species adaptability. This results in a shift in the relation between dominant and other spe cies. This has been shown from urbanized areas, where the deterioration of natural vegetation causes a decline in many species hut do not affect species which are more eurytopic. As a consequence eurytopic species become very dominant and may constitute more than 90 % of the total catch. The beginning and end of flight of moth species are in northern Europe quite predictable and dependent on the onset of spring and end of autumn. The start and end of flight of the species also vary with latitude. The change in the start and end of flight reflects annual variation in 7

10 climate. Trends in these flight days might well indicate more long-term changes in climate behaviour. Another important factor which is closely connected to climate change is the oc currence of additional generations. In northern Europe moths normally have one generation per year, some species two in its southern part and some species a biannual development in the north. However, as a resuit of consequtive warm er summers during the 19$Os and 1990s many southern species have developed a partial 3rd generation, many common species a partial 2nd generation and in the north the facultative bian nual development has been disrupted to annual occurrences of such species. Higher frequency of such partial generations enhanced by warmer springs also indicates changes in climate. 2 MEDIUM-LONG TERM OBJECTIVES Monitoring the fluctuations and ehanges of the moth populations after some 5 years will allow for assessments of the local species diversity, because the ecological demands ofmost species are well-known. If at the same time changes in Iand use are monitored, a rather quick assess rnent can be made of which changes depete or strenghten different popuations. Remarkable changes may not be expected if the species in question can live or replace its habitat at a pace egual to the change of the habitat(s). In particu lar, species which are demanding, sc. stenotopic species, are however very good indicators of change. The general decline or development towards oligo-monospecific communities of the moth fauna, as a resuit of regional depietion of de manding species, may ultimately Iead to nation ally endangered species. By monitoring moths the populations of endangered species can bet ter he assessed, as weli as collecting informa tion on species which seem to become threat ened within a short time frame. Fast land use changes can within a short time pose threat to several species, and an assessment of endan gered moths should he carried out every five years. In relation to diurnal species (butterfties and moths flying in the day) nocturnal moths appear to he less endangered. This is, however, more a perceptive conception than based on facts. Al though it is true, that special habitats like wet lands, mires and hogs, heathland, sandy areas and flowering meadows are under threats af fecting their diurnal species, there are at Ieast as many nocturnal species living under similar conditions, which are equally threatened. There fore moth monitoring might give hard facts (data) to assess the true condition ofpopulations of such species, and to correct the distortion of endangered species in this insect group. 3 ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVES To use moth populations as indicators for biodi versity changes requires, that the long-term natural changes in their population are well known. Because changes in land use are consid ered to affect the species composition strongly, it is important to he ahle to follow up the changes in land use parallel to moth monitoring. Changes in land use are most easily analysed by monitoring changes in landcover patterns from satellite images. As an example, in Finland the landcover pattem of each monitoring site has been analysed prior to the start of monitoring, and the survey will he repeated every five years. Trends of changes in landcover can then he combined to trends in changes of moth diversity and produce good stress-response relafionships. The change of, and threats to, moth popula tions can also be caused by chemical changes of (heir environment. Little is known about the relationship between accumulation of chemical elements in moths during their developmental stages, and the effect of this upon the sustaina bility of populations. Moths should therefore be collected as biological material for chemical analysis during short research campaigns. The species which are analysed should he chosen in advance of any campaign, to ensure that enough material is heing collected. The national network of moth monitoring produces year after year a very large amount of data on moth occurrences in the country which may be utilized for scientific research, that increases our knowledge of this group. It is therefore advised, that the collected data should he set available to sincere researchers with good scientific purposes. The Iight traps used for moth monitoring wiil also collect matenal on other insect groups of nocturnal behaviour which are attracted to 8

11 the light (Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera etc.). Campaigns to store research material of such groups may he organised in each Country sepa rately. 4 SPECIFIC GOALS Summarising the above listed objectives, gen eral questions can be set which should be an swered by any biodiversity monitoring. The three main questions are: 1. Ts biodiversity change a sequence of fre quent chaotic incidents of ecosystem imbal ance, or 2. Ts biodiversity Change a slow long-term proc ess, and 3. What are the factors contributing to this change? These questions can he split up into detailed questions for the moth monitoring: 1 a WhiCh moth species become predominant as mass 0CCUfflCS or by relational increase? In which habitats is predomination happen ing? Over how large areas is predomination manifesting? lb Is the phenomenon temporal, recurrent or permanent? 1 c What are the causes for predomination and how does it effect biodiversity? 2a Ts there a geographic tendency for changes in moth flight pattern? Is this Change caused by chmatic fluctuations or by a general shift in the climatic conditions? 2b What is the species diversity in different habitats of different geographic regions? Are the populations of the species sustainahle or declining? At which pace are the population densities changing? 3a Which species are becoming under threat as a resuit of change in land use? What are the effects of forest management? What are the effects of Change in agricultural practices and wetland drainage? 5 NETWORK DESIGN 5.1 Geographical coverage The spatial coverage of national sites, viz. the geographical network, is very dependent upon to which extent the objectives are to he met. Regarding the objectives, the short term ones can best be met by establishing an extensive network with good Coverage, which enabies map illustrations of the results. This, however, means that only a part of many possible habitats can he covered. Tn Finland the moth monitoring started by placing the traps in two types of habitats, coniferous forest and cultural land scapes, but with a comprehensive coverage from south to north. The density of this network is approximately 1 site (with 2 traps and 2 habi tats) per every 6,000 km2. The total number of sites are therefore ca 60. To maintain this aver age density for instance in the whole of north westem Europe, the following number of sites would need to he considered: 75 sites in Swe den, 54 sites in Norway, 11 sites in Latvia, 10 sites in Lithuania, 8 sites in Estonia and 7 sites in Denmark. Ihis however implies a statistical coverage in relation to the area of each country. In Finland the coverage in the northem part of the Country is less dense than in the southern part focus has been shifted so, that more sites occur where more species occur. SUCh a focussed network would demand less sites in Norway, but probably twice as much as previ ously noted for the Baltic Countries and Denmark. If the objective of monitoring the sustaina bility of species populations in different habi tats are given a higher priority, the sites should he chosen to cover as many habitats within each biogeographical zone as possihle. This would therefore also include special habitats, most of which are protected because of their outstand ing difference. The number of sites needed per Country S hard to estimate, but the total number of sites for northern Europe would most proba bly he far greater than in the first case. If the long term objectives are taken as the premises for a network design, it is specially the effect of artificially induced change, i.e. endan gered habitats, that come into focus. This would imply a coverage of a range of management types of a few habitats that are particularly in 9

12 do not support a strong fauna themselves, but which integrate habitats surrounding them. This is in most cases unavoidable. It must also he noted, that in order to cover specific habitats like grassland, bogs and mires, a complement ing non-electricity dependent network of bait traps must be designed, because often electric ity is unavailable cose to such sites. In the placement of the traps the surrounding vegetation must he considered. Although traps are to be placed in different parts of the Country and in habitats of the same type, geographical 10 differences in the vegetation cannot he avoided. for traps placed in forested terrain, a VaCCin ium-type or a VaCCinium myrtillus-type of C0- niferous forest is most suitable in the Boreal region, mixed forest and QuerCus-forest in the Nemoral region. For traps in open terrain, any cultivated terrain (garden, meadow, field, grass Iand) must do, however some criteria (former habitat) must be identified for the purpose ofits Iocation. In each case the habitat Chosen must he homogenous for at least a 15 metres radius, viz. the trap should he centered in the middle of a homogenous vegetation type at Ieast 30 metres across. A larger homogenous area is however to he preferred, ifpossible. There should preferra bly he no extraordinary habitats like swamps, reedbeds etc. in the immediate vicimty of the Iight trap. These habitats Could he Covered with Complementing hait traps. In order not to inteifere with each other the traps should not he placed Closer than 50 metres practice, this from one another. If standing beside one trap the other one should not be visible criteria is often fulfilled if higher developed threat. For insects like moths the habitats most highly threatened are the forests due to intense silviculture, grassland-meadows due to intense agriculture and bogs and mires due to ditching of wetlands. Placing the sites in different man agement types of these habitats would faster give the possibility to analyse stress-response (physical changes-biodiversity response) rela tionships. However, to ensure this analysis, at Ieast a few sites must locate in protected areas where no man-induced changes are recorded for base-line data. The optional network for moth monitoring would therefore he: 1. a sufficiently large number of sites in each in vegetation OCCurS between the traps. For practi cal reasons (due to sampling) the largest inter space between two Iight traps of one site should not exceed one kilometre. biogeographical zone with emphasis on dif ferent man agement types of habitats for for ests, grassland-meadows and hogs and mires; 2. a base-line network of a few sites in protect ed areas which also could cover other habitat types than those focussed on. If the network is weli designed, the number of sites for the respective countries need not be greater than the one presented on the basis of average density coverage. 5.2 Biotopes coverage An optional placement of the sites is however difficult to achieve, since the automated traps are dependent on electricity. It is usually con venient to place them where &ectricity is avail able. To get a good coverage existent field research stations must often be used. However, different types of managed forest can quite easily he covered. The network wili however have an unwanted focus on some cultivated areas (man-made gardens and parklands) which

13 - the - the - the - the PÄRT II: Methodology 1 TECHNICAL EQUIPMENTS AND USE 1.1 Structure of light traps There are several light trap designs available which have both good and bad characteristics. Two Iight trap modeis are recommended for use. They are the Jalas-model based on a hang ing design and the Ryrhoim-model which is a ground-based design. Their structure is shown in figures 1 2. Both modeis can he self-built or he purchased. The Jalas-model (figure 1) can easily he transported and its placing shifted. It is also easily renewable at a quite low cost. It is how ever less stable under windy conditions, and its effective light range will he more horizontal. The best sample container for this model is a wide-bottomed pastic hucket. The Iid of the hucket is attached to the trap hy screwing the plastic cap from underneath through the cloth sleeve. The cap locks the lid to the sleeve, and at the same time it spreads open the sleeve and the lower part of the funnel. The Ryrhoim-model (figure 2) is a more permanent trap model placed on the ground. It might he somewhat more expensive to con stmct, but it is very stahle. ks effective light range will reach higher in the tree tops and the capture of migratory species is therefore easier. Safety precautions When worldng with the light-traps electrical risks must he minimized. Following instruc tions are recommended: cable from the contact plug in the wall to the trap sbould he earth connected and rub ber-coated. cable should be drawn so that it does not disturb nature. It is preferahle if it can he lifted from the ground, but care should he taken so that it does not pose any danger to humans. Large animais like elk might de stroy the whole trap if walking on the cable. - the cable should not he sqeezed or rubbed. - the connector between the rubber-cable and the trap-cable should he fastened on the metal-loop undemeath the roof of the trap. - the trap-cable, with the lamp hoider at its other end and the plug, to which the mbber cable contact is connected, at its other end should he short. divider-cable, with the timer at its other end, and the distribution box, with the rub ber-cable socket at its other end, should be equally short. divider-cable should he removed from the timer before changing a Iamp. - electrical parts of the trap should not he touched if electricity is on. 11

14 a) b) Attachment sleeve and screw cap for the conta 1 n er Plastic foam cover (5 cm thick) Figure 1. Structure of (a) Iight trap model ]alas and (b) its sample container. 1 Plywood box 2 Funnel of thin refecting aluminum 3 Wing of the same material 4 Funnel hoider (altogether 4) 5 Wing hoider with rain shelter and Iamp bulb hole 6 BuIb hoider 7 Killing agent container 8 Evaporation thread (inserted in strow tube) 9 Funnel for woter removal 1 0 At Ieast 1 0 cm deep buried can of water acting as a water lock 11 Tightly packed egg-folders covered with mosquito-net 12 Lock 1 3 Hinge 14 Cable Figure 2. Stucture ot light trap model Ryrhoim. Ali measures are in centimetres. 12

15 - if - ifcf/tce - store - CF/TCE the Lamp bulbs Two types of Iamp bulbs are recommended for use. One is a W mixed light bulb (tungsten, crypton) which can be directly con nected to the electricity net. The mixed light bulbs become hot and susceptible to explosion in cold and rainy weather. Mixed light appears to attract relatively more geometrids. The other type is a 125 W mercury light bulb which wiil require a choke for its functioning. The mercury bulb wifl not heat and has therefore a much longer life span. It appears to attract relatively more bombycids than mixed ligth. No remark ahle difference in the captures between the light types has however been demonstrated yet. Killing agents The killing agent used in the traps should have certain quaiities. It should not change the colour of the moths, nor dry or stiff them too much. It should furthermore be slowly evaporating, so that in small amounts it is effective throughout the sampling interval. Several types of agents are often used, but chloroform (Cf) or, even better, tetrachlorethane (TCE) have shown to be the best choices so far. Because these agents evaporates easily they should not he used indoor. Danger is however easily avoidable as the scent is feit aiready at very small concentrations (scent level 3 ppm). No danger will appear outdoor. When adding the agent to the sample container, care should he taken so that it does not spill on bare sldn. CF/TCE is spilled on your skin, wash the area carefully with water and soap. has splashed in your eye, wash it with pienty of water and turn to a doctor for further advise. - always immediately go to a doctor if CFI TCE has been swallowed. CF/TCE carefully in a locked, dry and cool place with good ventilation. - if CF/TCE comes into contact with water HC1-acid will form which will corrode met al. is poisonous in water and should not he poured into drains. The killing agent is often delivered in quite large quantities and big botties are not useful when fiiling the CFITCE container. Therefore a smaller amount should he poured in a ml tight pfastic bottle, which is easily to use for filling purposes. As CF/TCE also corrodes some types of plastic, the plastic bottle should he of the same inert material as the TCE container. The CFITCE container is a 100 ml plastic bottle into which 50 ml CFJTCE is poured. It should not he filled to its rim, because under windy conditions it might splash and evaporate through the evaporation thread into the sample contain er. This may cause a partial or total destruction of the sample. Even during hot summer weeks, 50 ml will he quite sufficient. Under normal conditions some ml wili evaporate dur ing a week. If many moths stili are alive when sampling, the evaporation thread should he drawn out a few millimetres more. If the mate rial is wetted with CFITCE, or if it appears to evaporate at a higher rate, the thread should he pushed back into the CF/TCE container using metal pincers. When instailed the thread should emerge some cm from the CF/TCE con tainer. During rainy weather and in autumn water may penetrate the CFITCE container. As CF/ TCE is heavier than water, water will float on top of it. This causes a stop in the evaporation and the insects will fly long and be damaged to an unidentifiahle degree. Therefore, the pres ence of water in the CFITCE container should always he checked, and if found, it should be soaked up with smooth paper. If the removal of water can not he done in the field, it is advised to replace the CFJTCE container with another one. The emuigation of water and CF/TCE should not he poured away - water must he removed in some way, and the remainder used as normal killing agent. 1.2 Field installation The place ofthe trap should he chosen so that the light can spread without interference in ali di rections. This is easy when placing the trap in an open terrain (grasslands, meadows, cultural land scapes). In forests the trap should not he placed where bushes and shrubs grow S0 dense that they prohibit the spread of light. A dense tree canopy is beneficial in northem ateas with ligth er summer nights, as it creates dusky conditions lower down. The Jalas-model trap is hung on a thick hranch of a tree so that the lower part of the 13

16 in bucket is about 10 cm from the ground. The level of the trap should from time to time be checked summer when the field vegetation grows higher, it might be necessary to adjust the trap higher up. The trap can he strung with three wires from the corners of its vertical fianges oblique to the ground. This is recommended if the conditions of the site are windy. If the ligth trap is installed in a open giade a gallow construction made of three oblique poles to form a tent-shaped support is recommended for the Jalas-model trap. It can then he hung from the top of this construction. The effect of the light trap is dependent upon the light conditions of the chosen place. Other lights in the surrounding will diminish its effect, and it should therefore he placed so that no street-, house- or other outdoor Iight source are closer than 15 metres from the chosen place. Two installation schemes are shown infig ures 3 4. The contact of the rubber cahle is connected to the plug of the trap-cable and the trap-cable should preferably he fastened underneath the trap-roof with tape. The lamp bulb is screwed into the Iamp hoider. In the Jalas-model trap, if seen from the side, the base of the bulb should he mm visihle. In this model the lamp bulb should not be lowered too much into the funnel, neither Iocate too high, because when lit it will he hot, and may scorch the plastic parts of the trap. The height of the lamp may be adjusted with the plastic regulator underneath the roof. The cahle running to the trap should preferahly he fastened to a branch beside the trap to avoid that its weight presses the trap in an oblique position. The vegetation around the trap must some times he mowed. Field vegetation must he cut about 1 metre from the trap s surrounding. If there are tree branches close (<1.5 m) to the trap, they should also he removed. These actions are taken to delimit the possibility for attracted moths to hide in the vegetation. In connection with the hanging trap, one should he aware of that tree stems in immediate vicinity of the trap eventually will diminish the catch. 1.3 Structure of bait traps The bait trap is in its construction very similar to the Jalas-model Iight trap, although often small erin size (figure 5). Instead of a lamp, a hanging Connecting PIU 1 Timer Trap cable Figure 3. Instollotion scheme with a timer. Lamp hoider Lomp bulb Rubber cable Connectinq piug ifl WtiII Light sensor L j [j Distribution 0 Divider [j cable box Distribution box Rubber cable Figure 4. Installation scheme with a Iight-sensor. bait container is used. The hait container con sists of a small Cup into which a piece of foam is placed. The bait, which in fact is a solution Iuring moths to suck, is poored in the cup, and drawn into the foam piece. The solution might vary a lot the most common solution is the sugar solution, which is made by dissolving brown sugar into beer and by addition ofa piece of yiest and, if so wished, some drops of sweet strong wine. For bait traps which are to he effective the whole week, repeated addition of red-wine vinegar (10 30 mi/week) is the most easiest way. Since the bait traps are based on spread of scent, they should he hung higher up than the light traps. For sampling and maintenance, it is most practical if they are on eye-level height. As bait traps are independent of electricity they can 14

17 - Location - Habitat - Responsibility 1.5 Timing the light traps conta i ner Figure 5. Structure of bait trap. he placed almost anywhere, also in habitats quite far away from the source of electricity. Care should however he taken to stabilise them with threads, so that they do not sway too much in windy weather. 1.4 Documentation of sites tainer with foa m In connection with the installation of the trap a Trap Card (appendix 6) is filled, which requires the following information: of the trap md. map coordinates of the trap md. most important in formation on its vegetation (can he updated in summer when the vegetation is more fully developed). - Type of trap and lamp and its functioning time (first date and lit hours); type of used bait. of the site (names of super viser, landowner, field collector and deter minator and their contact information) In addition to filling the Trap Card it is advised to take a colour photograph of the trap site showing its position in relation to the sur rounding vegetation. A photostatic copy of the topographic map where the location of each trap site is marked by a cross is also useful. The Trap Cards with their additional infor mation are sent to the National Coordination Unit for archieving. Care should he taken that the coordinates are given correctly, because they are the centroids for any satellite image processing on landcover surrounding the sites. of The automatic functioning of the light traps is controlled by an electric timer device of which there are many types on the market. The collec tion is set to begin at dusk, approximately 21.00, and to end at dawn, approximately the next morning. When timing is set, the clock of the timer device should he manually moved clockwise to once ensure its functioning and after that the right time is set on the clock. Because it is dependent on electricity, the timer programme wili disfunction if short-cuts hap pen. Therefore the time of the clock should he checked each sampling time. A brief short-cut will however not have much effect, but longer ones do. When setting the right time during installation solar time should he used (i.e. win ter time). If repeated short-cuts in electricity can he expected the use of a electrical clock-timing device will be inappropriate. To present an example: if the short-cut Iasts for 12 hours, the clock wiil start 12 hours too late and the Iamps wiil hum in bright daylight for the whole week! To avoid such inconveniences a light-sensor (which can be purchased for some 70 ECU/ piece and that can time two traps) might he used. The light-sensor reacts to Iux values and will lit the Iamps when the Iux values are below a certain value. If a short-cut appears, it will of course react to the lack of electricity, but it will lit the lamps correctly in the late evening after the electricity has been restored. 1.6 Sampling procedures The traps are sampled weekly. It is imperative that sampies from different traps never are pooled! In practice this means the following: After one functioning week (Monday-Sunday) the material in the sample container is carefully poured into a plastic (freezing) box. In spring and late autumn boxes of ml size will do nicely, but in summer and early autumn at least a 1 litre box must he used (altematively shorter sampling intervais can he used). After this the sample container is checked so that no specimen is left into it. CF/TCE is added into its container and the condition of sample container is checked (removal of moisture if necessary) before placing the lid back on. After this the condition of the trap is checked, its stmcture, its 15

18 firm attachment, conditions of cables, height of lamp and the time of the timing device, effec tiveness of the bait etc.. Dry leaves may in autumn easily block the funnel so it must be checked and cleaned if necessary. The funnel may for some other reason also close, so its checking during each sampling event is recom mended. If the trap has not worked (no material in the sample container), the possible reason for this must be sought and corrected (in very early spring and very late autumn no material might also he caused by no flight!). Therefore spare equipments must he shortly available. Possible damage to clasps and other small damage can be easily fixed with nylon-thread or plastic coated metal wire. If the trap is badly damaged it must as soon as possihle he replaced. Observe that damage to the roof of the Jalas model light trap must be fixed immediately. If this is not taken care of, both the material and the lamp will he destroyed during first rain. The hot W mixed light lamp bulb will explode when cool raindrops hit it. Temperatures can best he recorded by plac ing a maximum-minimum thermometre (the best are battery driven electronical devices, but unfortunately expensive) close to the trap which is read off and adjusted new at each sampling event. The lowestnighttemperature of the week can he recorded this way. Approximate maxi mum and minimum temperatures can he achived only if the collecting person can record the temperatures each night at tum-on and turn-off time of the lights at a close site. It is imperative that the collected sampies are Iabelled aiready in the field to ensure good quality control of the data. Normally it is enough to write down the number of the site (trap) and the preceding week numher (and minimum tem perature if possibly read-off) with non-washa ble paint on a label which then is attached to the sample box. However, if the sample is not normal, this should he written down as well (e.g. the sample contains Iess nights than 7 due to... ). 2 SAMPLE HANDLING 2.1 Prestoring When taking the sampies it should be known if the collected material will he identified fresh, which is preferable, or after freezing. If the material will he frozen for later handling the boxes are put into a freezer after arrival to the storing place. II is imperative that sampies never are pooled during prestoringl Not even if the space of the freezer is limited. Irrespective of the treatment a 2 3 Iayer soft paper cover should he put on the bottom of the box to soak the wetness of the collected materi al. It is advisable also to put a similar layer on top of the material to secure that the moths wiil not he too much shaken around during trans port. Prestoring is necessary when the sampling person is not responsihle for the identification of the material and the material should later he sent to the identificator. 2.2 Posting The collected material can he sent fresh or frozen (the material will then meit during trans port). Before packing the lid of each box is taped firmly and several boxes to each other and then placed in a larger parcel which has been fur nished along its bottom and sides with paper to reassure the firmness ofits content during trans port. Before closing the parcel a Iayer of paper is placed on top of the boxes. The parcel should he labelled fragile hefore sending. Parce!s should anive fast (express maj!) to the adressate, be cause melted frozen material wiil not endure many days transport (may start to decompose). If ground-transport is possihle it is normally more gentle than par avion. It is always wise to inform the addressate of the delivery so that he/she may encounter the parcel as soon as possib!e. 16

19 2.3 Poststoring The collected material should he identified he fore the end of each year. Part of the material must often be poststored after delivery if it contains several sampies. Poststoring of the material is done by freezing. If the delivery to the identificator is fast enough, he/she can re freeze the boxes. The moths ldiled with CFI TCE allows for refreezing and they may he handled almost as fresh after remeit even sever al months after their capture. 2.4 Identification II is imperative for the identificator to know that no pooling of material is allowed before identi fication. Sampies from different weeks or traps shall never he mixed even if he/she regards the sampies to reflect the same habitat type. The moth material is handled with pincers (plastic ones if later chemical analysis is re quired). Ali moths are identified to the species (see appendix 5) and the number of specimens counted. It is envised that determination in some cases also would include genotypes or fenotypes (see appendix3). It is also envised to determine the sex ratio of some species in the catch (see appendix 4). Prom time to time the material might be worn which causes prob lems for the identification. There are also sib ling species in the European moth fauna, which will require special knowledge or even genital analysis to ensure correct identification. In en tering the data it is however possihle also to enter information on the genus level, but this is not advised. Therefore care should be taken with the identification of which following pro cedures might help: A. Of the specimens belonging to the probiem atic genus Eupithecia (pugs) the species which are easily identified shouid he deter mined to the species-levei. Those specimens which appear to he difficult are to he pinned and looked over by an expert in the field of this group. B. Of the specimens belonging to sibling spe cies the identification is often possible, but it might he advised that some expert also would confirm the determination. Sibling species can he entered into the data system as col lectives if the expert procedure is not avail ahle. It is a common procedure that the identifica tor in compensation for his/her effort may keep the specimens of interest for his/her private collection. This also includes other material than moths, e.g. microlepidoptera and other insects of interest. 2.5 Separation for dry storing During identification some species might he included for later analysis either by an expert (e.g. melanistic research, determination of dif ficult groups), or for specific chemical analysis (e.g.metals). Specimens for visual analysis may he pinned and labelled normally. However, it is important to remember that material subject to chemical metal analysis should he handled only with plastic equipment (plastic pincers, plastic storage boxes) and never be in contact with metais, viz. never he pinned! In both cases fuli label information must be ensured. 17

20 PÄRT III: Data handling and reporting Data can he reported on paper (see appendix 7a, 7b) after which the data has to be stored on computer or data can directly he stored in a separate entry system running on a PC. 1 NOCTURNA DATA ENTRY SYSTEM The Environment Data Centre in Finland has designed and produced a database application for PC s called NOCTURNA which enabies data entries, retrieval of data and output filing for use in other program packages like e.g. EXCEL. NOCTURNA requires no purchase of software as it is a run-time version. It is availa ble upon request to ail those joining the moth 1. 1 Installation NOCTURNA 2.0 can he installed in any PC with a DOS-system software and at Ieast a 286- processor. The application is slow if a 286- processor is used, so a preferable PC-compo sition would be: 386/486-processor RAM >640 kb Hard disc> 10 MB One 3.5 diskette drive (drive A) The application will use about 2.5 MB of the hard disc (drive C) space. The config.sys file in your computer should The application has two installation dis kettes. Insert diskette 1/2 into the diskette drive (known as A). The files are in a compressed form. The uncompressing program is copied to the C:\NOC2 directory by the command COPY A:PX.EXE After that the runtime-version is uncom pressed and copied to the C:\NOC2 directory using the command PX -R A:PDOXRUN 1$ include following minimum values: BUFFERS =25 FILES=50 FASTOPEN =99 monitonng scheme. The installation starts with creating a C: NOC2 directory, by following commands MDNOC2 For installing the application move to the directory giving the command CD NOC2

21 Remove the diskette 1/2 and insert the sec ond diskette 2/2 into the diskette driver. The NOCTURNA-application is now cop ied frorn the diskette to the C:\NOC2 directory using the command PX -R A:NOC2 After this remove the 2/2 diskette and the application is ready for use. 1.2 Starting the application The command for starting NOCTURNA de pends on the type of the computer. Follow the steps below to find the right one for your com puter. To start the application move to the directory C:\NOC2 and write PDOXRUN -PROT MAIN If an error message is dislayed ( Memory parity error... etc) please return to Dos prompt and write PDOXRUN -REAL MAIN If stiil an error message is displayed please return to Dos and try anew with the following parametres: PDOXRUN -REAL -EXTK 0 -EMK 0 MAIN If you stiil get an error message it seems that your PC s memory is notenough IBM-compat ible and the program cannot he run in it. After finding the right startup command you can write it to a bat-file (named for instance NOC2.BAT ) and start the application by writ ing the name of the file. 1.3 Database structure The NOCTURNA-application has been created as a Paradox-relational database application using Paradox version 3.5. The relational data base is based on 3 main tabies, which are SITE, SAMPLE and RECORDS and 2 ready-made supporting tabies SPECIES and HABITAT. The tabies are divided into rows and columns according to the structure presented in appendix Working with NOCTURNA application The main menu (figure 6) has 5 choices, of which the two first (1 and 2) is used for entering and correcting data, the third (3) for data retriev al, the fourth (4) for deleting data and the last (5) for reanangements of the database. The re quested function is started by typing the chosen number and pressing the Enter-key. MAIN MENU 1 Site Characteristics 2 Sample Data 3 Äscii files 4 Perform Deletions 5 Reorganize Database FiO = Exit Help=Ält H Make your choice (1 5 & enter) Figure 6. Main menu of data entry system. 19

22 The Heip-function is started by pressing Ait and H-keys at the same time. Exit the Heip function by pressing any key. Exiting the application is done by pressing the F1O-key in the main menu after which the application will require a confirmative answer by typing either Y (yes) or N (no). The return to the main menu from other menus aiways hap pens by using the F10-key. Using look-up tabies In severaiplaces of the appiication asc. look-up function can be used for fiiiing in data fields. The user does not need to write the text into a field, but can retreive it from a iook-up tahle. The iook-up table will appear using the key Fi when it has been marked previous to a field. Look-up functions can he used for finding spe cies, habitat or site codes. When a look-up tahle opens up, the cursor wili be on the column where the Fi field indicat ed. The look-up tabies aiso contain other coi umns. The cursor will not always be on the first row, but on rows indicated by previous requests. E.g. when fihiing criteria for dataretrieval (choice 3 in the main menu) and the user opens the iook up table for giving the upper limit, the cursor wiii he at the piace of the Iast given lower limit. The user may then move the cursor to the row of the new criteria, press the F2-key and the re quested value wiii fili the field from which the look-up started. The user may move from one row to another in the look-up table with arrow keys or by Page Up- and Page Down keys or by Home- and End keys. Moving may aiso he done using criteria. When pressing CTRL- and Z-keys simultane ously a window will open up on top of the screen, where in the fieid Vaiue: criteria may be given. Exampies are given under the entering of $pecies-information. The criteria is reievant in the column of the cursor. $earch therefore can he made in any column of the look-up tahles. Moving from a coiumn to another in the se tanes happens by using arrow-keys or the Tab-key. Pressing the F2-key wifl insert chosen infor mation to the original data fieid irrespective of the place of the cursor in the row. Entering and correcting site data $ite characteristics are given after choice of number 1 in the main menu. Site data must aiways he entered before entering any sample data. Site means the piace of each trap (cf.trap Card). Data for each site are entered only once during the first data entry. Data are filled in using the ready-made form of the application, where mandatory and optional fields are mdi cated by different background colour. Ifmanda tory data are missing, the appiication does not allow the user to save any information at ali. After the main menu the site table is seen. When entering a new site the Insert-key is used, when correcting site information Iocate the cur sor on the row you want to change and press F2- key. Filiing in data (figure 7) after using the Insert-key takes piace as foilows: Site Number (mandatory) The first two digits denote the number of the regional authority responsible for organising the monitoring within its geographical area and the two iast numbers are mnning numbers of trap sites within this area. Eg. the third trap site of the Uusimaa environmental district in Fin Iand (FI) is coded If interested amateurs from outside the authorities network want to join the monitoring, they should contact the regional/national coordinator to get the appro priate numbers for their traps (running numbers from 51 onwards). The site number is a 1mk information, which can not he changed later. Special care should therefore he taken in giving it previous to any data entry. Type of Cottector (mandatory) The default value of the fieid is K7 (weekly sampled ligth trap). It can he changed to $7 (weekly sampled bait trap). It can however not be changed to any other value like K3, K4 or K5 to indicate shorter functioning time than one week, because the information is related to the trap site not to the sample itself. Habitat (mandato,y) The field stands for the main habitat of the trap site. By using the F1-key a Iook-up for valid standard habitats are shown which is based upon the EEA Corine Biotopes classification iist ofeuropean habitats (see also Appendix 4). The cursor is moved to the right habitat and the F2-key is pressed to fili in the data fieid. De taiied description of the habitat itseif is only given on the Trap Card. 20

23 ENTER/UPDÄTE THE CHÄRACTERISTICS, PLEASE kk, F2=Save Site, Esc=Cancel, Ält+H=Help SITE CHÄHÄCTERISTISCS Site No 0107 Type of Collector: K7 Habitat Fi: 43 Province : 01 Commune X-Coordinate Y-Coordinate HELSINKI (K1 7/V1 7) L Habeff 1 Habeff 2 Habeff 3 Habeff 4 Habeft 5 Habeff 6 Fi: F1: Fi: Fi: Fi: Fi: Start (dd.mm.yy): End (dd.mm.yy): Delete fy) Figure 7. Screen for insertion of site information. Province (optional) The adt;inistrative region code (two numbers) is given here if it deviates from the regional authority code given in the site number se quence. Cornmuize (mandatoiy) The name of the commune (parish) of the trap site is fiiied in. Detailed Iocality information is only given on the Site Card. X-Coordiizate and Y-Coordinate (,nandaton ) The coordinates of the site trap is given by 10*10 km accuracy. More accurate coordinates (1 * 1 km accuracy) should be given on the Trap Card. Habeffl Habeff6 (optional) These fields are filled in like the habitat infor mation. The effective habitats include deviating habitat types which might occur within a range of metre radius from the actuai trap site. This information is of value for local analysis, because it might explain catch of species which are not reiated to the habitat itseif, but to nearby habitats into which the attracting iight-effect might reach. Start (mandatoii ) The day of the installation of the trap is fiiled in (using the format ddmmyy). The starting date does not indicate the start of sampling each consequtive year, only the establishment of the site itself. End (inandatoiy for closing the station) The day of the dismantiing of the trap is fihied in (using the format ddmmyy). The ending date does not indicate the end of sampling each consequtive year, only the final ending of the site itself. If the site ofthe trap has to he changed during the period of the monitoring scheme, the former site has to he ended and a new site started with a new number, starting date etc. When ali the fields of the Site Characteris ties screen has been appropriately filled press the F2-key (Save Site) for storing the informa tion. Ifyou do not wish to store the information, you can use the Esc-key, but then fiiling in of ali fields must start anew. 21

24 kk ENTER/UPDATE THE SÄMPLE, PLEÄSE F2=Save Sample, Esc=Cancel, F3=Save Sample and Continue to Records, Ält+H=Help INSERT ** SAMPLE *** Site No F1: 0107 Year 94 Week: 29 Days: 2 Niglit Temperature Max Min Observer : Lundsten K-E Remarks : Cuts in electricity, lamp in function for 2 days Delete (Y) R E C 0 RD S Figure 8. Screen for insertion ot sample information. Detete If ali site characteristics data wiii he removed a Y is filled in during entering or correcting and stored in the way earlier described. Deietions take place under item 4 in the main menu. Deletion can not take piace ifsampie and record information have been stored hierarchialiy un der the site unless appropriate Y-markings are made throughout corresponding sampies and records. The deletion function is not normaily used, because sampie and records data may he corrected and updated separately (corrections do not inciude 1mk information, viz. in this case the site number information). Entering and correcting sample data When the site data has been stored, data entry can proceed by pressing the f1o-key (return to main menu) and the choice 2 in the main menu. After this the sampie tahle is seen. Press the Insert-key to add a new sample. To update a sampie, Iocate the cursor on the row you want to change and press F2. The screen will fiil with a new biparted form of which the upper part is aimed for sample information (figure 8). After saving the sample ali the fieids are not cleared, but some values remain as default. This is useful if severai conse quetive sampies are entered at the same session. Each new sampie (weekly) is entered after press ing the Insert-key as follows: Site number (rnandatoiy) Type in a value or choose from look-up tahle (F 1). The default value of the site number is the number of the last inserted or updated site. If sampies from more than one site are entered during the session you must remember to cor rect the sample information appropriateiy. Year (inanclcttory) Fili in the Iast two digits of the year (eg. 94 = 1994). The appiication wiii check that the given year is not smalier than the starting year of the station. Week (mandatory) Fiil in the appropriate week number (based on the highest number of days of the collection period). The application will accept numbers between 1 53 and in addition to that 99 which shail only he used if outside information is entered on a yearly pool-basis to the collection of data (99 shali never he used under normal monitoring procedures). Days (mandatory) Usually the number of days should he 7. The field accepts any number between 0 and 13 to denote the actuai functioning of the trap. Ifyou are not sure of how many days the trap func tioned use the notation <7. Zero (0) indicates that no sample is avaiiabie due to misfunction ing of the trap for the whoie week. 22

25 F10=Return Max Min Night Temperature (optional) The lowest and highest temperature (Celsius degrees) can he given with an accuracy of one degree. Observer (rnandatoiy) The name of the primary determinator is writ ten. Persons responsihle for field sampling or supervision are only informed on the Trap Card. $econdary determinators (experts checking or carrying out specific determinations of prohle matic specimens) are not reported. This (their) name(s) should he marked on the label of the specimen (as DET. not LEG.) if it is stored in any collection, private or national. It is to note that the observer always is a person, never an institution. Remarks This field can he used for giving additional information of the sample or disturbances in the sampling. It can also he used for annotating species not found in species list, e.g. butterflies caught with bait traps. Detete Look up the same function under site character istics. The sample information is stored by press ing the F2-key. Entering, browsing and correcting species information The species records can he entered immediately after the sample data have been stored hy press ing the F3-key (figure 9). Species records can he entered only after the records form status has been changed from browse to insert (press In sert-key). Unless this is done, the status will remain as Browse, by which records can he browsed. After pressing the Insert-key the cur sor will automatically move to the next free row (automatic row numbering) for entering species records. Fiil in the fields as follows: Species (mandatoiy) In this field the standard code of the species name (Nordic Rubin-code standard; cf. appen dix 5) is entered. The code is formed by the following abbreviation principle: 4 first digits of the genus-name, a blank, 3 first digits of the species name. E.g. Colotois pennaria is abbrevi ated as COLO PEN. This is the fastest way to code the species name, but there are specific problems associated with this technique: **, R E C 0 R 0 8 F2=Update Record, o Sampies, Ält+H=Help, INS=Insert Record SÄMPLE Sie No Fi: 0107 Year : 94 Night Temperature Week: 29 Observer Delete (Y) Lundsten K-E BROWSE «Status RECORDS Record Species Total Fi Number GEOM PÄP IDÄE ÄVE EULI POP ÄMPH FUC XÄNT ICT Number of Females Form Name 2 1 remutata flavesce 1 Number of Form Delete (Y) Eigure 9. Screen for insertion of sample data. 23

26 1. because of the large number of moth species some coding clashes will occur; e.g. Abros tola trigemina and Abrostola triplasia would get the same abbreviation code. Clashing codes are totally avoided by having deviat ing codes for both species (ABRO TGM and ABRO TPL). 2. the determinator remembers an old name and not the one in the species list (names change from time to time). If a wrong code is attempted to enter, the application will inform that it can not he found (checked against the species list of the applica tion). Ihen by pressing the F1-key an alphabet ical look-up table may he used, which can he browsed to find the right name and code (place the cursor on the right row and press the F2- key). Because the tahle is very long, repeated browsing may he tiresome and a faster way is described hereunder: Move the cursor to the species name column of the look-up tahle and press simultaneously Ctrl and Z. After that search criteria may he written as either the beginning of a genus name followed by two dots (eg. ORTHOS..) or any string of a name preceded and followed by two dots (e.g...fasciariao. ). Finally press Enter. In the first case the cursor will stop at the first genus name beginning with ORTHOS, in the second case on the first row where the string FASCIARIA occurs. The same search criteria can he repeated by pressing simultanously Ait and Z. No difference is made between capital and small Ietters. In cases ofproblematic identification, genus codes (like EUPITHEZ for Eupithecia sp.) or abnormal codes for sibling species can he used. Always use the F1-function to ensure the cor rect coding in such instances. Totat Nuinber (mandatory) The total number of the species (males + fe males) are entered. The number should he accu rate and based on counting (not estimated even if the number is large). Nurnber of feinates (optionat) The number of females are entered when sexes are counted separately. If sexes are separated and only males are found in the sample, it is important to enter zero (0) for females. The application wiii check that the given number of females does not exceed the total number. form (optional) One optional form (race, variety, abherration, morph type etc.) can be entered (8 first digits of name). Usually interest is paid to special geno types, often only one per species. When poly morphic species are studied, for instance differ ent fenotypes of melanism, ali inorphs cannot he entered into the system. In such cases re quired counts of different fenotypes are to be listed on paper, or, the specimens pinned for further assessment hy some specialist in this field. Although the recording of forms are op tional and of free choice, it is advised that genotypes listed in Annex 6 he counted sepa rately and entered into the database. Number of forin (optional) The counted number of the chosen optional form is entered. The appiication will check that it does not exceed the totai number of the species. Delete See earlier described functions. After filling each field each row is stored by pressing the F2-key. If more rows are to he entered, the Insert-key is pressed (store another row). When storing species records the applica tion might sometimes ask the identificator if hei she is sure of the entry. Warning texts might appear if the species in question is unknown to the country, otherwise extremely rare (long range transboundary migrant or highly endan gered) or preferahly diumal in its appearance. The checking is to ensure the quality of the data, not to question the expertise of the identificator. The identificator has to verify his/her entry after such a waming, by answering Y (yes) to contin ue, or N (no) to correct the entry. 1.5 Data retrieval and output files When data has been stored into the NOCTUR NA-datab ase they can he retrieved by using the choice number 3 of the main menu. A retrieval screen is shown (figure 10), where the user may choose the type of file (primary data or statis tics) and write the drive and directory path and the name of the file heishe wishes to use. 24

27 Group (eternity), Fi: - 29 F F2=Create File, F1O=Return, Ä1t+HzHe1p. ASC II 1 LES Äscii File Type (P/S) :P P=Primary Data Drive and Directory Path: C:\N0C2 Name of File EXPORT.ÄSC Value Intervais in Query lst & Last Included Site No Fi: Species Habitat Province Years Weeks Fi: Fi: Figure 1 0. Screen for retrieval of data S=StatJstics (eg. C:\NOCTURNÄ) (eg. EXPORT12) (within the above years) After that several query criteria can he given by setting upper and lower iimits for the query. It is to note that ali set Jimits are vaiid for the same retrievai! Each singie query criteria is given as a pair of lower and upper iimit. The query wiil inciude the given iower and upper limit vaiues and ali vaiues between these iimits. The preceded iimit values will remain as default values for your next retrievai. If the whoie database content is quered, ali iimits rnust be removed. Unlimited iower value is given as blanco, unlimited upper value as which is given by the application uniess changed by the user. When the first retrieval is attempted ali iimits are blank. The fieids must he fihled with vaiues to iimit the query. foilowing are some exampies of use of query iimits: Site No Species wili iimit the sites between given values, e.g wiil bring the data of the two first sites of the region coded 01. Ifonly one site is attempted for query, upper and iower iimits must he equai, e.g will limit the query between given alphabetic range, e.g. APAM CRE (Apamea crenata) APAM MON (Apamea monoglypha). If the upper (aiphabetic) code vaiue is left out, the retrieval wiil contain every species from Apamea crenata tiii the end of the aiphabetical iist (Fi). Ifoniy one species is retrieved, the code range must he equai, e.g. APAM MON APAM MON for Apamea monogly pha. Habitat limits the query according to biotopes in appendix iist (F1-search tabie). If only ali cuiturai sites is retrieved, a limit of $5.G must he given. Province iimits provinciai retrieval according to provinciai codes used Group limits the species query according to the systematic species iist (search tabie in Fi), e.g. iimits $ $ wiil retrieve oniy ge ometrids etc. Year iimits the choice of years for the retrieval. Week iimits the choice of weeks for the retrievai. The retrieval is started by pressing the F2- key (Create Fiie), the processing begins and after the application informs that the retrievai is done it is stored and shown on the screen by pressing any key. The resuit of the retrieval is aiways shown as an ASCII-fiie (figure 11) which has fixed fields and some standard information, i.a. the query iimits and some summed data on the retrievai. Sampie remarks are written to the end of the primary data fiie. The statistics file consists of 25

28 aggregated data of the chosen species (figure 12). The computer program will sum ali values belonging to the same species from one trap (forms are however left out in this case). The retrieved data, i.e. the stored output ascii-file can he handled as any DOS-datafile. It can he printed or used as an input file e.g. for statistical or graphicai software packages. The file is an ASCII-file with fixed formats and at ieast one separating blank between the fields. Blanks and dots may occur within the fieids too. Different secondary user programmes have their specific file-requirements, so it is advisable to use some common editing programme to clean up the ASCII-file to fit the next programme use. This is e.g. necessary before using the file in NOCTURNÄ PRIMARY DÄTÄ k PrDcessing Date: Time: 09:48:17 Selection Criteria: Sites 0107 Species Habitats Provinces Groups Years 94 Weeks (within above years) Data includes: Number of separate Species Number of separate Habitats Total nurnber of Individuals Total number of Females Site XC0 YC Habitat CT YY WK TX TN Ruhin TotN Fem FNu F name Days K CHLO K CRLO K79429 EULI K79429 EULI K79429 EULI CIT TRU POP TES END OF NOCTUENÄ PRIMARY DÄTÄ NOCTURNÄ SÄNPLE REMARKS $ Site YY WK Remarks Cuts in electricity, lamp in function for 2 days. END OF NOCTtJRNÄ SPNPLE REMÄEKS k Eigure 11. Example ot output file. 26

29 29 EXCEL (habitat codes are interpreted as dates unless dots are changed to semicolon). The edited output file can he read into EXCEL by the File Open command and defining it as a DOS text file without separators. The rows can he executed by the Data Parse command and re placed digits can he retransformed by the For mula Replace-function. If a word processing programme is used for editing the file, the new edited version must he stored as a text file before further use and not in its original stored form. 1.6 Deleting data and reorganisation of database When the user wants to delete some entered data the last field of each screen (Delete-field) must he marked with an Y (yes) and stored in the usual manner. The proper deletion takes place when the Perform Deletion- function of the main menu is chosen (number 4). Observe that deletion can not take piace unless subordinate information of deletions (samples/species records) also has been stored on appropriate leveis. If the database is used for storing repeatedly, it is advised to reorganise it periodically (for instance once per month). Use the number 5 choice of the main menu for this action. Ali tabies will he rewritten and the data wili reor ganise (also physically) in key-order using in dexing and free space of your hard disc will he released. If the application informs Not enough mem ory.. you will have to release more memory (e.g. by removing unnecessary drivers in the config.sys). Deietions wili require at least 100 kb free central memory and reorganisation of the database more than 550 kb free memory. NOCTURNA STÄTISTICS DÄTÄ k Processing Date: Time: 10:00:10 Selection Criteria: Sites 0107 Species Habitats Provinces: Groups Years 94 Weeks Site Rubin Earliest Latst TotNSm FemSum IY WK YY WK 0107 EULI TES EULI POP EULI L CR10 CIT CR10 TRU (within above years) EUD OF NOCTURNÄ STATISTICS FILE Figure 1 2. Example of statistics the. 27

30 here 2 NOCTURNA CENTRAL DATABÄSE A central database for the Moth Monitoring has been created and is being updated at the Envi ronment Data Centre in Helsinki using the rela tional database programme INGRES running in a DECNAX environment. The central database in Finland is updated once every year. The annual output files from the distributed PC-NOCTURNA databases (as cii-files) are sent to the Environment Data Cen tre where they are read into the central database using computer-programmed applications. Data from other countries can also be stored into this database. To create a transfer file choose the primary data file from the retrieval and output file sec tion of the main menu. Fiil in the drive and directory path as A:\, name the file and set the criteria for the query only inciuding the year in question. Produce the output file by pressing the F2-key (remember to previously insert a for matted diskette in station A). Label the diskette which appropriate information (sites and year included and name of sender). al report is distributed to ali contributors as feed-back and also to other interested lepidop terologists. 3.2 Specific reports Specific reports can he done by researchers given access to the database for analysing spe cific problems of interest. The resuits should he presented in relevant scientific papers. 3.3 Administrative evalutations Each five year the body responsihle for the monitoring should present a more elaborated report of the monitoring results, in which both evaiuation of threatened species and biodiversi ty questions are properly addressed and where the monitoring is evaiuated from the point of view of its service for administrative purposes. 3 REPORTING PROCEDURES The reporting procedures should be developed as the monitoring proceeds, data is collected and evaluated. Reporting routines can he devel oped after the first year are some guid ance given which is in use in Finland at present. The reporting is divided into three different parts: a) standard annual reporting b) specific reports c) administrative evaluations 3.1 Standard annual reporting Standard annual reports are based on specific repeated data retrievais from the central data base. The retrieved files are transferred to statis tical and cartographical applications for presen tation. Examples of presentations used in Fin land for annual reporting can he found in the Nocturna Annual Newsletter (1994). The annu 28

31 ÄPPENDICES 29

32 ÄPPENDIX 1 Data table structures Site Field Name SITENOsite PROVINCEs ± te COMMUNE site X-COORsite Y-COORs ite HÄB 1 TAThab HÄBEFFLhab HÄBEFF2hab HÄBEFF3hab HÄBEFF4 hab HABEFF5hab HA3EFF6hab COLLTYPEs ± te STÄRT site ENDsite Ps ± te Field Type Ä4* Ä2 Ä25 A3 Ä2 Ä$ Ä8 ÄS Ä8 AB A8 Ä8 Ä2 D D Äl INFO *SITE* N4.0 REQ INPUT-TÄ3LE N2.0 REQ REQ N3.0 REQ N2.0 REQ LOOKUP HÄB REQ LOOKUP HÄB LOOKUP HÄB LOOKUP HÄB LOOKUP HÄB LOQKUP HAB LOOKUP HÄB DEF 1<7 REQ REQ DELETE CHÄRACTER Samp Field Name SITENOsite YEÄRsamp WEEK s amp DÄYSs amp TMAX s amp TMIN samp DET samp Psamp START site REMARKSs arnp Field Type Ä4* Ä5 5 5 A30 Äl D Ä120 INFO *574p* INPUT LOOKUP SITE REQ N2.0 REQ N3.0 LIM 1-53 OR 99 REQ E.G.O, <10, MAX 13 REQ N2.0 N2.0 REQ DELETE CHARACTER APPLICÄTION FILLS IN COMMENTS 30

33 Rec Fieid Naine SITENOsite YEAR s amp WEEK samp RECNOrec RUBINspec COMMspec TOTNUMBrec FENALESrec FORMNUM3rec FORMNANErec Pre c Fieid Type Ä4* S* Ä8 AiO N N N Ä8 Äl INFO *REC* INPUT ÄPPL. ÄPPLICÄTION ÄPPLICÄTION FILLS IN FILLS IN REQ LOOKUP SPEC REQ ÄPPLICÄTION FILLS IN N4.O REQ N3 0 N3 0 FILLS IN Spec Field Name RUBINspec SPECIES spec 5 PECNOspec COMMspec Ä8* Ä60 Ä12 AiO *SPEC* TÄBLE ÄPPLICATION FILLS IN INFO OF RUBIN CODES (SPECIES) Group SPECNO spec RUBINspec SPECIESspec COMM spec Field Type A12* Ä8 A60 AiO INFO *GRQUP* TÄBLE OF SPECIES, DIFFERENT KEY Hab Fieid Name HABITÄTliab HABNANEhab Fieid Type A8 Ä120 INFO *HAB* TABLE OF HABITÄTES 31

34 ÄPPENDIX 2 Habitat list 1 Coastal and halophytic communities 10 Coastal and halophytic habitats (gen eral) 15 Salt marshes, salt steppes and gyp sum scrubs 15.3 Atlantic salt meadows Saltmarsh grass meadows Saltmarsh grass communities Upper schorre communities Pearlwort (Puccinellia) saltmarsh grass swards Sattmarsh couch (Elymus (Agropy ron)) beds Atlantic saltmarsh driftlines Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon Atlantic saltmarsh communities Baltic Carex paleacea swards Baltic Carex mackenziei swards 15.3A Baltic Deschampsia bottnica swards 15.3B B altic salt basin Agrostis-Triglochin palustre swards 1 5.3C Baltic Carex scandinavica swards 15.3D Baltic Calamagrostis stricta-arctic ha lophytes swards 15.3E Baltic Schoenus shore communities 16 Coastal sand dunes and sand beaches 16.1 Sandbeaches Unvegetated sand beaches Sand beach annual communities Sand beach perennial communities 16.2 Dunes Humid dune-slacks Shingle beaches Unvegetated shingle beaches Shingle beach drift lines Sea kale (Crambe maritima) commu nities Gravel bank heaths and grasslands Cliffs and rocky shores Bare sea cliffs Vegetated sea dliffs and rocky shores Vegetated cliffs of salme lakes Islets and rock stacks 2 Non-marine waters 20 Non-marine waters (general) Scrub and grassland Scrub and grassland (general) Heath and scrub Wet heaths Dry heaths Alpine and boreal heaths Sub-alpine bush and tali herb corn munities Thickets Medio-European rich-soil thickets Atlantic poor soil thickets Gorse (Ulex) thickets Bracken (Pteridium aquilmnum) fields Woodland clearings 32

35 Commonjuniper (Juniperus comrnu nis) scrub 31.$C Hazel (Corylus) thickets 31.$D Deciduous scrub woodland 31.8E Coppice 31.8F Mixed scrub woodland 31.8G Coniferous scrub woodland 34 Dry calcareous grasslands and steppes 34.1 Middle European pioneer calcareous grasslands 34.3 Dense perennial grasslands and mid die European steppes Sub-continentai steppic grasslands 34.31B Alvar steppes Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grasslands Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grasslands 34.4 Thermophile forest fringe grasslands Xero-thermophule forest fringe grass lands Mesophlle forest fringe grasslands 35 Dry siliceous grasslands 35.1 Atlantic mat-grass swards and related communities Mat-grass (Nardus stricta) swards Agrostis-Festuca grasslands Deschampsia flexuosa grasslands Wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epi gejos) stands Sand sedge (Carex arenaria) grass Iands 35.2 Medio-European open siiiceous grasslands Dwarfannual siliceous grasslands Perennial open siliceous grassiands Corynephorus grasslands 36 Alpine and sub-alpine grasslands 36.1 Snow-patch communities Acid snow-patch communities Caicareous snow-patch communities 36.2 Alpine weathered rock and outcrop communities 36.3 Alpine and sub-alpine acidophllous grassiands Mat-grass swards and reiated com munities Oro-Caledonian grassiands 36.4 Aipine and sub-alpine caiciphilous grassiands 36.5 Aipine and sub-alpine fertilized grasslands 37 Humid grassland and tail herb com munities 37.1 Meadowsweet (Filipendula) stands and related communities 37.2 Eutrophic humid grasslands 37.3 Oligotrophic humid grasslands 37.7 Humid tait herb watercourse fringes 37.8 Sub-aipine and alpine tali herb com munities 38 Mesophuie grasslands 38.1 Mesophiie pastures Unbroken pastures Ditch-broken pastures Overgrown abandoned pastures 38.2 Lowland hay meadows Atiantic hay meadows Medio-European lowland hay mead ows Medio-European submontane hay meadows Boreal hay meadows 38.3 Mountain hay meadows 4 Forests 40 forests (general) 41 Broad-leaved deciduous forests 41.1 Beech (fagus) forests Central European acidophilous beech forests with woodrush (Luzuia) Atlanfic acidophilous beech forests Neutrophiious beech forests 41.2 Oak-hornbeam (Quercus-Carpinus betulus) forests Atiantic bluebell (Hyacinthoides non scripta) oak-ash forests Aquitanian ash-oak and oak-horn beam forests Sub-Atiantic oxiip (Primula elatior) ash-oak forests Sub-Ailantic stitchwort (Steliaria) oak-hombeam forests Eastem oak-hombeam forests 41.3 Ash (fraxinus excelsior) forests Ash-rowan (Sorbus)-mercury (Mer curialis) forests Baitic moschatei (Adoxa moschateili na) ash-sycamore forests 41.3A Boreal ash-sycamore forests 41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests 41.5 Acidophiious oak (Quercus) forests Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and birch (Betulus) woods Atiantic acidophiious oak forests 33

36 pine and birch-pine forests 42.C8 Lichen pine forests with beecli Medio-European acidophilous oak forests Subcontinental pine-oak forests 41.A Hornbeam (Carpinus betulinus) woods 41.3 Birch (Betula) woods Lowland and collinar birch woods 41.B2 Sub-boreal birch woods 41.B3 Montane and sub-alpine birch woods 41.B7 Boreal birch woods and thickets 41.C Aider woods 41.C2 Ainus giutinosa woods 41.C3 Boreal shore aider woods 41.D Aspen (Populus tremula) woods 41.E Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) woods 41.f Eim woods 41.0 Lime (Tilia) woods 41.H Other deciduous woods 42 Coniferous woodland 42.1 Fir (Abies) forests 42.2 Montane spruce (Picea abies) forests $pruce reforestation 42.3 Larch-arolla (Larix decidua, Pinus cembra) forests 42.5 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests Caledonian forest Middle European Scots pine forests 42.5E Scots pine reforestation 42.C Boreal pine and spruce forests 42.C1 Biiberry (Vaccinium) spruce and pine-spruce forests 42.C2 Fern spruce and pine-spruce forests 42.C3 Small-herb spruce and pine-spruce forests 42.C4 Tall-herb spruce forests 42.C5 Ling (Calluna)-crowberry (Em petrum) pine and spruce-pine forests 42.C6 Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) pine and spruce-pine forests 42.C7 Calcicline bearberry (Arctostaphylos) 43 Mixed woodland 43.1 Mixed forests dominated by beech (Fagus) 43.2 Mixed forests dominated by oak and hombeam (Carpinus betulus) 43.3 Mixed forests dominated by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) 43.5 Mixed acidophilous oak forests 43.H Other mixed woods 44 Alluvial and very wet forests and brush 44.1 Riparian willow (Salix) formations 44.2 Boreo-alpine aider galleries 44.3 Medio-European stream ash-alder (Fraxinus, Ainus) woods 44.9 Aider, willow and bog-myrtle swamp woods Alder (Ainus giutinosa) swamp woods Mire willow (Salix) scrub Swamp bog-myrtle (Myrica gale) scrub 44.A Birch and conifer swamp woods Bogs and marshes Bogs and marshes (general) Raised bogs Near-natural raised bogs Purple moorgrass (Molinia caerulea) bogs Bianket bogs Lowland bianket bogs Upland bianket bogs Water-fringe vegetation Reed beds Large sedge communities Fen-sedge (Cladium mariscus) beds Small reed beds of fast-flowing wa ters 53.5 Tail rush swamps 54 Fens, transition mires and springs 54.1 Springs 54.2 Rich fens 54.3 Arcto-alpine riverine swards 54.4 Acidic fens 54.5 Transition mires 54.6 White beak-sedge (Rhynchospora aiba) communities 54.7 Boreal marsh-fens 6 Inland rocks, screes and sands 60 Inland rocks, screes and sands (gen eral) 61 Screes 62 Inland cliffs and exposed rocks 64 Inland sand dunes 65 Caves Aapa mires 54.9 Palsa mires

37 8 Agricultural land and artificial land scapes $0 Agricultural land and artificial land scapes (general) $1 Improved grasslands $1.1 Dry improved grasslands $1.2 Humid improved grasslands 82 Crops 82.1 Unbroken intensive cropland 82.2 Field margin cropland 82.3 Extensive cultivation 82.4 Flooded crops 83 Orchards, groves and tree plantations 83.1 High-stem orchards $3.2 Shrub orchards 83.3 Plantations 84 Tree lines, hedges, small woods, bo cage, parkland, dehesa 85 Urban parks and large gardens 86 Towns, villages, industrial sites $7 Fallow land, waste places 87.1 Fallow fields $7.2 Ruderal communities 35

38 APPENDIX 3 Recommended forms to he distinguished Cotocasia coryli Siinvra aiboven osa Acron icta leporina Acronicta inegacephala Agrotis ripae A,n,noconia caecimaciila Noctuaflmbriata Orthosia gothica Orthosia gracilis Aporophyla luneburgensis Hitlia ins Con istra e,ythrocephala Xanthia togata Xanthia icteritia Xanthia citrago Lacanobia suasa Aparnea crenata Apamea obionga Apainea anceps Apamea rernissa Apamea ophiogramma Otigia strigllis Otigia versicolor Oligia Iatruncuta Mesoligiafuruncuta Mesotigia literosa Parastichtis ypsittoiz Celaena leucostigma Charanyca trigramm ica Cosmia trapezina Nonagnia typhae A rchanara dissottita (arundineti) albescens (white-fringed wings) murina (dark forewings) bradyporina (dark-melanic) nigra (black-melanic) weissenbornii (without markings) obscura (brown) solani (olive-black green) gothicina (brown stigmata) rufescens (brown) insularis (Iight) schuldei (without distinct markings) glabra (with contrast) virescens (dark) flavescens (without markings) subilava (orange band) dissimilis (suffuse markings) alopecurus (dark) abjecta (suffuse markings) engeiharti (light) obscura (obscure markings) moerens (dark) aethiops (black-melanic) aethiops (black-melanic) aethiops (Nack-melanic) insulicola (without contrast) onynchina (without contrast) nigrescens (dark markings) fibrosa (with contrast) brunnea (brown) fasciata (banded) fratema (dark) dissoluta (dark) 36

39 Clzitodes inaritiina Heliothis inaritiina Catocala fraxini Autographa gamma Scopula aversata Scopitla ternata Xanthoi-hoe quadrtfasiata Xanthorhoe inontanata Xanthorhoe inunttata Xanthorhoeftuctuata Xanthorhoeferrugata Larnpropteiyx suffumata Hydriomenafurcata Orthonama vittata Anticlea derivata Perizorna aifinitatuin Eupithecia icterata Chtoroclvstis rectangutata Lomaspilis inarginata Erannis defoliaria Hvlaeafasciaria Angerona prttnai-ia Odontopera bidentata Abraxas grosstdariata Apocheima pitosaria Apocheima hispidaria Biston betularius Atcis repandatus Peribatodes secundaria H po,necis roboraria Hvpomecis punctinalis Ectropis crespiisctitaria Ectropis subcrepitsctdaria Bttpatus pinarius Cerura vi,zttla Leticodonta bicotoria Pterostoma palpinum Tethea or Poecitocampa populi Lasiocampa quercus Lasiocampa trtfolii Spitosoma lubricipeda Spilarctia lutea Diaphora mendica Arctia caja Eilerna griseota wismariensis (with basal streak) bulgarica (with basal streak) moerens (dark-melanic) gammina (very small) remutata (without band) perfumata (dark) thedenii (black band) Iapponica (suffuse markings) arcticaria (dark band) incanata (dark band) fuscata (black band) defumata (dark-melanic) nigra (black-melanic) bothnica (dark) fennokarelica (light) riviniatum (outer white margin broad) oxydata (without red tinge) nigrosericeata (black-melanic) pollutaria (no spots) holmgreni (brown) prasinaria (green) corylaria (orange-brown fields) nigra (dark-melanic) dohrnii (insignificant spots) monacharia (dark-melanic) obscura (dark-melanic) carbonaria (black-melanic) nigra (dark-melanic) nigrata (dark-melanic) infuscata (dark-melanic) humperti (dark-melanic) defessaria (dark-melanic) delamerensis (dark-melanic) funebris (hindwings beneath melanic) minax (dark hindwings) aibida (without orange markings) Iapponicum (dark) aibingensis (dark-melanic) aibomarginata (white-fringed wings) olivaceofasciata (greenish brown) fiava (yellow) godartii (streaked wings) zatima (streaked wings) rustica (male white) lutescens (hindwings yellow) stramineola (yellow forewings) 37

40 ÄPPENDIX 4 Recommended sex ratio to he distinguished Although distinction between males and females in the catch is optional, it is recommended to distinguish between the sexes in as many species as possible. Since distinction, in some cases, are quite difficult, and as this elaboration might he a tedious task, in particular in the summer when the catches are large, separation between the sexes might be restricted to a min imum effort in the following way: where this is easy, and in addition in the species of the genus Xanthorhoe and genus Perizoma of the subfamily Larentiinae, where an abnor maj sex ratio is to he expected. 3. In the Noctuidae sex ratio distinction is rec ommended in the 1. Distinguish between the sexes in groups subfamily Acronictinae where this caii he made at a glance, viz.... and m addition in the species of the where sexual morphism occurs, or where the antennae reveal the sex in question. genus Nonagna, genus Rhizedra, Sphingidae genus Archanara and Notodontidae genus Apamea Lymantriidae of the subfamily Amphipyrinae, and the Arctiidae Satumiidae genus Mniotype, Lemoniidae genus Blepharita, Endromidae genus Lithophane, and Lasiocampidae genus Xylena Drepanidae of the subfamily Cucullinae, and the Hepialidae genus Hadena of the subfamily Hadeninae Cossidae and 2. Agrotis of the subfamily Noctuinae In the Geometroidea sex ratio distinction is recommended in the where abnormal sex ratios can be expected. 38 subfamily Geometrinae subfamily Ennominae

41 ÄPPENDIX 5 Species list LJ HEPIALOI HEPIALOIDEA HEPIALIX HEPIALIDAR HEPIALUZ HEPIALUS SP HEPI HUM Hepialus humuli (L,1758) TRIODIAZ TRIODIA SP TRIO SYL Triodia sylvina (L,1761) Hepialus sylvina PHYMATOZ PEYMATOPUS SP PHYM HEC Phymatopus hecta (L,1758) = Hepialus hecta KORSCHEZ KORSCHELTELLUS SP KORS LUP Korschelteflus lupulinus (L,1758) = Hepialus lupulina KORS FNE Korscheltellus fusconebulosus (DE GEER,1778) Hepialus fuscunebulosa KORS FAR Korscheltellus fuscoargen teus (BANG-HAAS,1927) Hepialus fuscoargentea GAZORYCZ GAZORYCTRA SP GAZO GAN THYRIDIX THYRISZ THYR FEN COSSOIDE COSSIDAX PHRAGTAZ PHRA CAS ZEUZERAZ ZEUZ PYR COSSUS Z COSS COS LAMELLOZ LAME TER DREPANOI DREPANIX FALCARIZ FALC LAC DREPANAZ DREP FAL Gazoryctra ganna = Hepialus ganna TFTYRIDIDAE THYRIS SP. Thyris fenestrella (SCOPOLI) COSSOIDEA COSSIDAE PHRAGMATAECIA SP. Phragmataecia castaneae (HOBNER, 1790) ZEUZERA SP. Zeuzera pyrina (L,176 1) COSSUS SP. Cossus cossus (L,1758) LAMELLOCOSSUS SP. Lamellocossus terebra (D&S,1775) DREPANOIDEA DREPANIDAE FALCARIA SP. Fatcaria Iacertinaria (L1758) DREPANA SP. Drepana falcataria (L1758) DREP CUR Drepana curvatula (BORKNAUSEN,1790) WATSONAZ WATSONALLA SP WATS BIN Watsonalla binaria (HUFNAGEL,1767) = Drepana binai-ia WATS CUL Watsonalla cultraria (F,1775) = Drepana cultraria SABRA Z SABRA SP SABR HAR Sabra harpagula (ESPER,17$6) CILIX Z CILIXSP CILI GLA Cilix glaucata (SCOPOLI,1763) THYATIRX THYATIRIDAE THYATIRZ TKYATIRA SP THYA BAT Thyatira batis (L,1758) HABROSYZ HABROSYNE SP HABR PYR Habtosyne pydtoides (HUFNAGEL, 1760) TETHEA Z TETHEA SP TETH OCU Tethea ocularis (L,1767) TETH OR Tethea or (D&S,1775) TETHEELZ TETHEELLA SP TETH FLU Tetheellafluctuosa (HflBNER,1803) OCHROPAZ OCHROPACHA SP OCHR DUP Ochropacha duplaris (L,1761) CYMATOPZ CYMATOPHORINA SP CYMA DIL Cymatophorina diluta (D&S,1775) ACHLYA Z ACHLYA SP ACHL FLA Achlya flavicornis (L,1758) THET SMA Thetidia smaragdaria (F,1787) HEMITHEZ HEMITHEA SP HEMI AES Hemithea aestivaria (HOBNER,I799) CHLORISZ CHLORISSA SP CHLO VIR Chlorissa viridata (L,1758) CHLO CLO Chlorissa cloraria (HUBNER,t789) THALERAZ THALERA SE THAL FIM Thalera fimbtialis (SCOPOLI,1763) HEMISTOZ HEMISTOLA SP HEMI IMM Hemistola immacutata (THUNBERG,1784) = Hemistola biliosata JODIS Z JODIS SP JODI LAC Jodis lactearia (L,1758)

42 0 Jodis putata (L,1758) CYCLOPHORA SP. Cyclophora pendularia (CLERCK, 1759) Cyclophora annulata (SCHULZE,1775) Cyclophora albipunctata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Cyclophora puppil!aria (HOBNER,1799) Cyclophora porata (L,1767) Cyclophora quercimontaria (BASTELBERGER, 1897) Cyclophora punctaria (L,1758) Cyclophora linearia (HOBNER,1799) TIMANDRA SP. Timandra griseata W.PETERSEN,1902 Timandra griseata-comai coll. Timandra comai =Timandra brykaria (NORDSTRÖM) SCOPULA SP. Seopula ternata SCHRANK, 1802 Seopula immorata (L,1758) Seopula virgulata (D&S,1775) Seopula nigropunetata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Seopula rubiginata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Seopula marginepunctata (GOEZE,1 781) Scopula incanata (L,1758) Scopula fioslaetata (HAWORTH, 1809) Seopula immutata (L,1758) Seopula corrivalana (KRETSCHMAR, 1862) Seopula ornata (SCOPOLT,1763) Seopula deeorata (D&S,1775) Seopula emutaria (HOBNER,1809) Seopula fdgidada MÖSCHLER,1860 Seopula imitaria (HUBNER,1799) Seopula earicaria (REUflI,1853) Seopula nemoraria (HUBNER, 1799) TDAEA SP. Idaea aureolaria (D&S,1775) Idaea ochrata (SCOPOLI,1763) Idaea serpentata (HUFNAGEL,1767) Idaea muricata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Tdaea pallidata (D&S,1775) Tdaea sylvestraria (HOBNER,1 799) Idaea biselata (HUFNAGEL,1767) Idaea dilutaria (HOBNER,1799) TDAE PUS Idaea fuseovenosa (GOEZE,1781) IDAE HUM Tdaea humiliata (HUPNAGEL,1767) TDAE SRI Idaea seriata (SCHRANK,1802) IDAE DIM Tdaea dimidiata (HUPNAGEL,1767) IDAE SUB Idaea subserieeata (HAWORTH,1809) IDAE EMA Idaea emarginata (L,1758) IDAE AVE Tdaea aversata (L,1758) IDAE TRI Tdaea trigeminata (HAWORTH,1809) TDAE ll IQ Tdaea inquinata (SCOPOLT,1763) IDAE STR Idaea straminata (BORKI-TAUSEN,1794) TDAE DEV Idaea deversaria (H-S,1847) RHODOSTZ RHODOSTROPHIA SP RHOD VIB Rhodostrophia vibicaria (CLERCK, 1759) RHODOMEZ RHODOMETRA SP RHOD SAC Rhodometra sacraria (L,1767) LYTHRIAZ LYTHRIA SP LYTH PTA Lythria purpurata (L,1758) =Lythria rotaria LYTH PRA Lythria purpuraria (L,1761) PHIBALAZ PHIBALAPTERYX SP PHIB VIR Phibalapteryx virgata (HUFNAGEL,1767) SCOTOPTZ SCOTOPTERYX SP SCOT MOE Seotopteryx moeniata (SCOPOLL 1763) SCOT BIP Scotopteryx bipunetaria (D&S, 1775) SCOT CHE Scotopteryx ehenopodiata (L,1758) SCOT MUC Seotopteryx mucronata (SCOPOLI,1 763) SCOT LUR Scotopteryx luridata (HUPNAGEL,1767) SCOT COA Seotopteryx coaretaria (D&S,1775) LARENTTZ LARENTIA SP LARE CLA Larentia elavaria (HAWORTH, 1809) ORTHONAZ ORTHONAMA SP ORTH VTT Orthonama vittata (BORKHAUSEN,1794) ORTH OBS Orthonama obstipata (F,1794) XANTHORZ XANTHORHOE SP XANT BIR Xanthorhoe biriviata (BORKHAUSEN,1794) XANT DES Xanthorhoe designata (HUFNAGEL,1767) XANT ABR Xanthorhoe abrasaria (H-S,1856) XANT MUN Xanthorhoe munitata (HOBNER,1809) XANT SPA Xanthorhoe spadieearia (D&S,1775) XANT PER Xanthorhoe ferrugata (CLERCK,1759) XANT QUA Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata (CLERCK,1759) XANT MON Xanthorhoe montanata (D&S,1775) JODIPUT CYCLOPHZ CYCL PEN CYCL ANN CYCL ALB CYCL PUP CYCL POR CYCL QUE ! CYCL PUN CYCL LIN TIMANDRZ TIMA GRI TIMA/GRI TIMA COM SCOPULAZ SCOP TER SCOP TOR SCOP VIR SCOP NIG SCOP RUB SCOP MAR SCOP INC SCOP FLO SCOP TUT ! SCOP COR SCOP ORN SCOP DEC SCOP EMU SCOPFRI SCOPUvII SCOP CAR SCOP NEM IDAEA Z TDAE AUR IDAE OCH IDAE SPE IDAE MUR IDAE PAL TDAE SYL ! IDAE BIS IDAE DIL

43 XANT FLU Xanthorhoe tluctuata (L1758) XANT ANN Xanthorhoe annotinata (ZEITERSTEDT, 1839) CATARHOZ CATARHOE SP CATA RUB Catarhoe rubidata (D&S,1775) CATA CUC Catarhoe cuculata (HUFNAGEL,1767) EPIRRHOZ EPIRRHOE SP EPIR 1-lAS Epirrhoe hastulata (HOBNER,1813) EPIR TRI Epirrhoe tristata (L,1758) EPIR PUP Epirrhoe pupillata(thunberg,1788) EPIR ALT Epirrhoe alternata (MIJLLER,17M) EPIR TAR Epirrhoe tartuensis MÖLS, EPIR RIV Epirrhoe rivata (HOBNER,18t3) EPIR GAL Epirrhoe galiata (D&S,1775) COSTACOZ COSTACONVEXA SP COST POL Costaconvexa polygrammata (BORKHAUSEN,1794) CAMPTOGZ CAMPTOGRAMMA SP CAMP BIL ENTEPHRZ ENTE POL ENTE BYS ENTE CAE ENTE FLA ENTE NOB ANTICLEZ ANTI BAD ANTI DER MESOLEUZ MESO ALB PELURGAZ PELUCOM CATACLYZ CATA RIG LAMPROPZ LAMP OTR LAMPSUF COSMOCE EULITHIZ EULIPRU EULITES EULI POP EULIMEL Camptogramma bilineata (L,1758) ENTEPHRLA SP. Entephria polata (DUPONCHEL,1830) Entephria byssata (AURWILLIUS, 1891) Entephria caesiata (D&S,1775) Entephria flavicinctata (HOBNER,1813) Entephria nobiliaria (H-S,1852) ANTICLEA SP. Anticlea badiata (D&S,1775) Anticlea derivata (D&S,1775) MESOLEUCA SP. Mesoleuca albicillata (L,175$) PELURGA SP. Pelurga comitata (L,1758) CATACLYSME SP. Cataclysme riguata (HUBNER,1813) COSMORHZ COSMORHOE SP. LAMPROPTERYX SP. Lampropteiyx otregiata (METCALFE, 1917) Lampropreryx suffumata (D&S, 1775) Cosmorhoe ocellata (L,1758) EULITHIS SP. Eulithis prunata (1,1758) Eulithis testata (L,1761) Eulithis populata (L,1758) Eulithis mellinata (F,1787) EULI PRO EULIPRA ECLIPTOZ ECLI SIL ECLICAP CHLORTAZ CHLOSIT CHLO MIA CHLOCIT CHLO INF CHLO LAT CHLO TRU CHLO/CIT CIDARIAZ CIDA FUL PLEMYRIZ PLEM RUB THERA Z THER FIR THERIFIR THER VAR THERBRI THER OBE THER COG THERJUN THER SER EUSTROMZ EUST RET ELECTROZ ELEC COR COLOSTYZ COLO APT COLO OLI COLO TUR COLO PEC HYDRIOMZ HYDR FUR HYDR IMP HYDRIIMP HYDR RUB Eulithis pyropata (HOBNER, 1822) Eulithis pyraliata (D&S,1775) ECLIPTOPERA SP. Ecliptopera silaceata (D&S,1775) Ecliptopera capitata (H-S,1839) CHLOROCLYSTA SP. Chloroclysta siterata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Chloroclysta miata (L,1758) Chloroc]ysta citrata (L,1761) Chloroclysta infuscata (TENGSTRÖM, 1869) Chloroclysta Iatefasciata (STAUDINGER,1889) Chloroclysta truncata (HUfNAGEL, 1767) Chloroclysta citrata-truncata coli. CIDARIA SP. Cidaria fulvata (FORSTER,1771) PLEMYRIA SP. Plemyria rubiginata (D&S,1775) THERA SP. Thera lirmata (HUBNER. 1822) Theta firmata-obeliscata coii. Thera variata (D&S,1775) Thera bntannica (TURNER,1925) Thera obeliscata (HOBNER, 1787) Thera cognata (THUNBERG,1792) Therajuniperata (L,1758) COENOCAZ COENOCALPE SP. Thera serraria (LIENIG&ZELLER, 1846) EUSTROMA SP. Eustroma reticulata (D&S,1775) ELECTROPHAES SP. Etectrophaes corylata (THUNBERG, 1792) COLOSTYGIA SP. Colostygia aptata (KOBNER,1813) Colostygia olivata (D&S,1775) Colostygia turbata (HflBNER, 1809) Colostygia pectinataria (KNOCH,1781) KYDRIOMENA SP. Hydriomena furcata (THUNBERG, 1784) Hydriomena imptuviata (D&S,1775) Hydriomena impluviata-mberata coii. Hydriomena ruberata (freyer, 1831) COEN LAP Coenocalpe lapidata (HOBNER,1809)

44 1 r liili Liilijjjjjiiijiilliiliiiijtii I I tuii !JllhIIIII111111I1111llh1111ll NIIWIVW 4 4 q 1 I 11 ii H 1 d 1 iri hiib s IIIIIhI!Hi11ll1hhJllIllllII1HH

45 EUPI CAU EUPI PER EUPI SAT EUPI ABS EUPI GOO EUPIJABS EUPI EXP EUPI ASS EUPITPT EUPI VUL EUPI DEN EUPI SFS EUPI ICT EUPI SUC EUPI ORP EUPI SMB EUPI MIL EUPI SIM EUPI SIN EUPI lis EUPI IND EUPI PIM EUPI EXS EUPE GEL EUPI NAN EUPI INN EUPI FRA EUPI OCH EUPI/INN EUPI VIR EUPI ABB EUPI OlD EUPI PUS EUPI LAR EUPI TAN EUPI CON EUPI LAN Eupithecia cauchiata (DUPONCHEL,1830) Eupithecia pemotata GUENEE,1 857 Eupithecia satyrata (HUBNER,1813) Eupithecia absinthiata (CLERCK,1759) Eupithecia goossensiata MABILLE, 1869 Eupithecia absinthiata-goossensiata coii. Eupithecia expallidata DOUBLEDAY, 1856 Eupithecia assimilata DOUBLEDAY, 1856 Eupithecia tripunctaria H-S.1852 Eupithecia vuigata (HAWORTH,1809) Eupithecia denotata (HOBNER,1813) Eupithecia subfuscata (HAWORTH, 1809) Eupithecia icterata (VILLERS, 1789) Eupithecia succenturiata (L, 175$) Eupithecia orphnata W PETERSEN, 1909 Eupithecia subumbrata (D&S,1775) Eupithecia millefoliata RÖSSLER, 1866 Eupithecia simpliciata (HAWORTN,1 809) Eupithecia sinuosaria EVERSMANN,1848 Eupithecia distinctaria H-S, 1 $48 Eupithecia indigata (HOBNER,1813) Eupithecia pimpinellata (HOBNER, 1813) Eupithecia extensaria (FREYER, 1844) Eupithecia gelidata MÖSCHLER, 1860 Eupithecia nanata (HOBNER,1$13) Eupithecia innotata (HUPNAGEL, 1767) Eupithecia innotata-fraxinata CREWE Eupithecia ochridata PINKER,1968 Eupithecia innotata-ochridata coll. Eupithecia virgaureata DOUBLEDAY,1 861 Eupithecia abbreviata STEPHENS, 1831 Eupithecia dodoneata GUENEE, 1857 Eupithecia pusillata (D&S,1775) Eupithecia lariciata (FREYER.1842) Eupithecia tantillaria BOISDUVAL, 1840 Eupithecia conterminata (LIENIG&ZELLER. 1 $46) Eupithecia Ianceata (HOBNER, 1825) GYMNOSCZ GYMNOSCELIS 5? GYMN RUF Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (HAWORTH, 1809) CHLORTIZ CHLORICLYSTIS SP CHLO VAT Chloroclystis v-ata (HAWORTH,1809) CHLO CR1 Chloroclystis chloerata(mabille.1870) CHLOREC CHLO DEB ANTICOLZ ANTI SPA CHESIASZ CHES LEG CHES RUF CARSIA Z CARS SOR APLOCERZ APLO PLA APLOEFF APLO PRA ODEZIA Z ODEZ ATR LITKOSTZ LJTH GRI LITHFAR DISCOLOZ DISC VENUSIAZ VENU CAM EUCHOECZ EUCH NEB ASTHENAZ ASTH ALB ASTHANS HYDRELIZ HYDR FLA HYDR SYL LOBOPHOZ LOBO HAL TRICHOTZ TRIC CAR TRIC POL Chloroclystis rectangu]ata (L,1758) Chloroclystis debiliata (HOBNER.1 817) ANTICOLLIX SP. Anticollix sparsata (TREITSCHKE, 1828) CHESIAS SP. Chesias legatella (D&S,1775) Chesias rufata (F,1775) CARSIA SP. Carsia sororiata fh1)bner,1813) APLOCERA SP. Aplocera plagiata tl,175$) Aplocera efformata (GUENEE,1857) Aptocera praeformata (HOBNER, 1826) ODEZIA 5?. Odezia atrata (L,175$) LITHOSTEGE SP. Lithostege griseata (D&S,1775) Lithostege farinata (HUFNAGEL, 1767) DISCILIXIA 5?. Discoloxia blomeri (CURTIS,1$32) VENUSIA SP. Venusia carnbrica CURTIS,1839 EUCHOECA 5?. Euchoeca nebulata (SCIPOLI,1763) ASTI-lENA 5?. Asthena aibulata (HUFNAGEL,1767) Asthena anseraria (H-S,1855) HYDRELIA SP. Hydrelia fiammeolaria (HUFNAGEL, 1767) Hydrelia sylvata (D&S,1775) LOBIPHIRA 5?. Lobophora halterata (HUFNAGEL,1767) TRICHIPTERYX 5?. Trichopteryx carpinata (BIRKHAUSEN,1794) Trichopteryx polycommata (D&S,1775) NITHOCAZ NITI-IICASIS SP NITH SER Nothocasis sertata (FPJBNER,1817) PTERAPHZ PTERAPHERAPTERYX 5? PTER SEX Pterapherapteryx sexalata (RETZIUS, 1783) ACASIS Z ACASIS SP ACAS VIR Acasis viretata (ROBNER,1799) ACAS APP Acasis appensata (EVERSMANN,1842)

46 ABRAXASZ ABRAXAS SP ABRA GRO Abraxas grossulariata (L,1758) CALOSPIZ CALOSPILOS SP CALO SYL Calospi]os sylvata (SCOPOLL 1763) LOMASPIZ LOMASPILIS SP LOMA MAR Lomaspilis marginata (L,1758) LOMA OPI Lomaspilis opis (BUTLER,1878) LIGDIAZ LIGDIASP LTGD ADU Ligdia adustata (D&S,1775) ] SEMIOTHZ SEMIOTHISA SP SEMI NOT Semiothisa notata (L,1758) SEMI ALT Semiothisa altemaria (HOBNER,1809) SEMI SIG Semiothisa signaria (HLTBNER,1809) SEMI LII Semiothisa liturata (CLERCK,1759) SEMI CLA Semiothisa clathrata(l,1758) SEMI GLA Semiothisaglarearia(BRAHM,1791) SEMI ART Semiothisa artesiaria (D&S,1775) SEMJ CAR Semiothisa carbonaria (CLERCK,1759) NARRAGAZ NARRAGA SP NARR FAS Nanaga fascio]aria (HUFNAGEL,1767) ISTURGAZ ISTURGA SP ISTU ROR Isturga roraria (f,]777) ITAME Z ITAME SP ITAM LOR Itame Ioricaria (EVERSMANN,I$37) ITAM WAU Itame wauaria (L 1758) ITAM BRU Itame bninneata (TKUNBERG,1784) TEPHRONZ TEPERONIA SP TEPII SEP Tepbronia sepiaria (HUFNAGEL,1767) TEPHRINZ TEPHRINA SP ] TEPH ARE Tephrina arenacearia (D&S.1775) PYGMAENZ PYGMAENA SP PYGM FUS Pygmaena ftsca (THUNBERG,1792) CEPPHISZ CEPPHIS SP CEPP ADV Cepphis advenaria (HOBNER,1799) PETROPHZ PETROPHORA SP PETR CHL Petrophora chlorosata (SCOPOLI,1763) PLAGODIZ PLAGODIS SP PLAG PUL Piagodis pulveraria (L,1758) PLAG DOL P]agodis dolabraria (L,]767) ] PACHYCNZ PACHYCNEMIA SP PACH HIP Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (HOBNER,1799) OPISIHOZ OPISTHOGRAVFIS SP OPIS LUT Opisthograptis luteolata(l,1758) EPIONE Z EPIONE SP EPIO REP Epione repandaria (HUFNAGEL1767) EPIO PAR Epione paralellaria (D&SJ775) PSEUDPAZ PSEUDOPANTKERA SP PSEU MAC Pseudopanthera macularia (L,1758) HYPOXYSZ HYPOXYSTIS SP HYPO PLU Hypoxystis pluviaria (F,1775) ENNOMOSZ ENNOMOS SP ENNO AUT Ennomos autumnaria (WERNEBURG,1859) ENNO QUE Ennomos quercinaria (HUFNAGEL.1767) ENNO ALN Ennomos ainiaria (L,1758) ENNO FUS Ennomos fuscantaria (HAWORTH,1809) ENNO ERO Ennomos erosaria fd&s,1775) SELENIAZ SELENIA SP SELE DEN Selenia dentaria (F,1775) SELE LUN Selenia lunularia (HOBNER,1788) SELE TEl Selenia tetralunaria (HUfNAGEL,1767) APEIRA Z APEIRA SP ] APEI SYR Apeira syringaria (L,1758) ARTIORAZ ARTIORA SP ARTI EVO Artiora evonymaria (D&S,1775) EPIRRANZ EPIRRANTHIS SP EPIR DIV Epinanthis diversata (D&S,1775) ODONTOPZ ODONTOPERA SP ODON BID Odontopera bidentata (CLERCK,1759) CROCALLZ CROCALLIS SP CROC ELI Crocallis elinguaria (L,1758) OURAPTEZ OURAPTERYX SP OURA SAM Ourapteryx sambucaria (L1758) COLOTOIZ COLOTOIS SP COLO PEN Colotois pennaria (L,1761) ] ANGERONZ ANGERONA SP ] ANGE PRU Angerona pninaria (L,]758) APOCHE]Z APOCHEIMA SP APOC HIS Apocheima hispidaria (D&S,1775) APOC PIL Apocheima pilosaria (D&S,1775) ] LYCIA Z LYCIA 5? LYCI HIR Lycia hirtaria (CLERCK,1759) ] LYCI HAN Lycia hanoviensis fheymons.1891) LYCI POM Lycia pomonaria (HOBNER,1790) LYCI LAP Lycia lapponaria (BOISDUVAL,1840)

47 LYCI ZON BISTON Z $ BIST SIR BIST BET AGRIOPIZ AGRI LEU AGRIAUR AGRI MAR ERANNISZ ERAN DEF SYNOPSIZ SYNO SOC PERATZ PERI RHO PERI SEC PERI MAN CLEORA Z CLEO CIN DEILEVFZ DEIL RIB ALCIS Z ALCIREP ALCI MAC ALCIJUB ARICHANZ ARIC MEL HYPOMECZ HYPO ROB HYPO PUN CLEORODZ CLEO LIC FAGIVORZ FAGI ARE ECTROPLZ ECTR CRE ECTR SCR PARADARZ PARA CON PARASIM Lycia zonaria (D&S,1775) BISTON SP. Biston stratarius (HUfNAGEL,1867) Biston betularius (L,1758) AGRIOPIS SP. Agriopis Ieucophaearia (D&S,1775) Agriopis aurantiaria (HIJBNER,1799) Agriopis marginaria (F,1767) ERANNIS SP. Erannis defoliaria (CLERCK,1759) SYNOPSIA SP. Synopsia sociaria (HUBNER,1799) PERIBATODES 5?. Peribatodes rhomboidaria (D&S,1775) Peribatodes secundaria (D&S,1775) Peribatodes manuelaria (H-S, 1852) CLEORA SP. Cleora cinctaria (D&S,1775) DEILEPTENIA SP. Deileptenia ribeata (CLERCK, 1759) ALCIS 5?. Alcis repandatus (1,1758) Alcis maculatus (STAUDTNGER,1892) Alcis jubatus (THUNBERG,1788) ARICHANNA SP. Arichanna melanaria (L,175$) HYPOMECES SP. Hypomecis roboraria (D&S,1775) = Boarmia roboraria Hypomecis punctinalis (SCOPOLI,1763) = Boarmia punctinalis CLEORODES SP. Cleorodes lichenaria (HUFNAGEL,1767) FAGIVORINA SP. Fagivorina arenaria (HUFNAGEL, 1767) ECTROPIS SP. Ectropis crepuscularia (D&S.1775) Ectropis subcrepuscularia (sp.nov.) = Ectropis species PARADARISA SP. Paradarisa consonaria (HflBNER,1799) Paradarisa similaria (HUFNAGEL,1767) AETHALUZ AETHALURA SP AETH PUN Aethalurapunctulata (D&S,1775) EMATURGZ EMATURGA SP EMAT ATO Ematurga atomaria (L,1758) BUPALUSZ BUPALUS SP BUPA PIN Bupalus piniarius (1,1758) SELIDOSZ SELIDOSEMA SP ! SELI BRU Selidosema brunnearia (VILLERS,1789) SELI PLU Selidosema piumaria (D&S,1775) CABFRA Z CABERA SP CABE PUS Cabera pusatia (L,1758) CABE EXA Cabera exanthemata (SCOPOLI,1763) CABE LEP Cabera leptographa (WEHRLI,1939) LOMOGRAZ LOMOGRAPHA SP LOMO BIM Lornographa bimaculata (f,1775) ] LOMO TEM Lomographa temerata (D&S,1775) LOMO CAR Lomographa cararia (HUBNER, 1813) = Stegania cararia ALEUCISZ ALEUCIS SP ALEU DIS Aleucis distinctata (H-S,1839) Lomographa distinctata THERIA Z THERIA SP THER RUP Theria rupicapraria (D&S,1775) THER PRI Theria primaria (HAWORTH,1809) CAMPAEAZ CAMPAEA SP CAMP MAR Campaea margaritata (1,1767) ] HYLAEA Z HYLAEA 5? HYLA FAS Hylaea fasciaria (1,1758) GNOPHOSZ GNOPHOS SP GNOP OBS Gnophos obscuratus (D&S,1775) GNOP OBF Gnophos obfuscatus (D&S,1775) GNOP AMB Gnophos ambiguatus (DUPONCHEL,1830) ] PARIEIAZ PARIETARIA SP PARI VII Parietaria vittaria (THUNBERG,1788) GLACIESZ GLACIES 5? GLAC COR Glacies coracina (ESPER,1796) = Psodos hirtaria CROCOTAZ CROCOTA SP CROC LUT Crocota lutearia (F,1794) SIONA Z SIONASP SION LIN Siona lineata (SCOPOLI,1763) ASPITATZ ASPITATES SP.

48 ASPI GIL Aspitates gilvaria (D&S,1775) CHARIASZ CHARIASPITATES SP CHAR FOR Chai-iaspitates formosaria (EVERSMANN, 1837) DYSCIAZ DYSCIASP DYSC FAG Dyscia fagaria (THUNBERG,1784) PERCONIZ PERCONIA SP PERC STR Perconia strigiflaria (HOBNER,17$7) BOMBYCOI BOMBYCOIDEA LASIOCAX LASIOCAMPIDAE POECILOZ POECILOCAMPA SP POEC POP Poecilocampa populi (L1758) TRICHIUZ TRICHIURA SP TRIC CRA Trichiura crataegi (L,1758) ERIOGASZ ERIOGASTER SP ERIO LAN Eriogaster Ianestris (L,1758) ERIO ARB Eriogaster arbusculae FREYER, MALACOSZ MALACOSOMA SP MALA NEU Malacosoma neustria (L,1758) MALA CAS Malacosoma castrensis (L,1758) LASIOCAZ LASIOCAMPA SP LASI TRI Lasiocampa trifolii (D&S,1775) LASI QUE Lasiocampa quercus (L.1758) MACROTHZ MACROTHYLACIA SP MACR RUB Macrothylacia rubi (L1758) DENDROLZ DENDROLIMUS SP DEND PIN Dendrolimus pini (L,1758) EUTHRIXZ EUTHRIX SP EUTH POT Euthrix potatoria (L,1758) COSMOTRZ COSMOTRICHE SP COSM LUN Cosmotriche lunigera (ESPER,1784) ! PHYLLODZ PHYLLODESMA SP PHYL ILI Phyllodesma ilicifoliurn (L,1758) PHYL JAP Phyllodesma japonicum (LEECH, 1888) = Phyllodesma arborea IRE PKYL Phyllodesma tremulifotium (HUBNER,1809) GASTROPZ GASTROPACHA SP GAST QUE Gastropacha quercifolia (L,1758) GAST POP Gastropacha populifolia (ESPER,1782) ODONESTZ ODONESTIS SP. OlON PRU Odonestis pruni (L,1758) ENDROMIX ENDROMIDAE ENDROMIZ ENDROMIS SP ENDR VER LEMONIIX LEMONIAZ LEMO DUM LEMOTAR SATURNIX AGLIA Z AGLI TAU PAVONIAZ PAVO PAV SPHINGOI SPHINGD( AGRIUS Z AGRI CON ACHERONZ ACHE ATR ! SPHINX Z SPHI LIG HYLOICUZ HYLO PIN MIMAS Z MIMA TIL SMERINTZ SMER OCE LAOTHOEZ LAOT POP LAOT AMU HEMARISZ HEMA TIT HEMA FUC MACROGLZ MACR STE PROSERPZ PROS PRO DAPHNISZ DAPH NER HYLES Z HYLE EUP HYLEGAL HYLELIN DEILEPHZ Endromis versicolora (L, 1758) LEMONIIDAE LEMONIA SP. Lemonia dumi (L,1761) Lemonia taraxaci (ESPER, 1781) SATURNIIDAE AGLIA SP. Aglia tau (L.1758) PAVONIA SP. Pavonia pavonia (L,1758) = Satumia pavonia SPHINGOIDEA SPHINGIDAE AGRIUS SP. Agrius convolvuli (L,1758) ACHERONTIA SP. Acherontia atropos (L, 1758) SPHINX SP. Sphinx Iigustri L,1758 HYLOICUS SP. Hyloicus pinastri (L,1758) MIMAS SP. Mimas tiliae (L,1758) SMERINTHUS SP. Smednthus ocellata (L, 1758) LAOTHOE SP. Laothoe populi (L,1758) Laothoe amurensis (STAUDINGER, 1892) HEMARIS SP. Hemaris tityus (L,1758) Hemaris fuciformis (L,1758) MACROGLOSSUM SP. Macroglossum stellatamm (L, 1758) PROSERPINUS SP. Proserpinus proserpina(pallas,1772) DAPHNIS SP. Daphnis nerii (L,1758) HYLES SP. Hyles euphorbiae (L,1758) Hyles gallii (ROrFEMBURG.1775) Hyles lineata (F,1775) DEILEPHILA SP.

49 DEIL ELP Deilephila elpenor (L,1758) ]001 DEIL POR Deilephila porcellus (L,1758) HIPPOTIZ HIPPOTION SP HIPP CEL Hippotion celerio (L,1758) NOCTUOID NOCTUOIDEA NOTODONX NOTODONTIDAE PHALERAZ PHALERA SP PHAL BUC Phalera bucephala (1,1758) CERURA Z CERURA SP CERU VIN Cerura vinula (1,1758) CERU ERM Cerura erminea (ESPER,1783) FURCULAZ furcula SP FURC BIC Furcula bicuspis (BORKHAUSEN,1790) FURC FUR Furcula furcula (CLERCK,1759) FURC BIF Furcula bifida (BRAHM,17$7) STAURPUZ STAUROPUS SP STAU FAG Stauropus fagi (L1758) PERIDEAZ PERIDEA SP PERI ANC Peridea anceps (GOEZE,1781) NOTODONZ NOTODONTA SP NOTO DRO Notodonta dromedarius (L,1767) NOTO TOR Notodonta torva (I-IOBNER,1803) NOTO ZIC Notodonta ziczac (L,1758) TRITOPHZ TRITOPHIA SP TRIT TRI Tritophia tritophus (D&S,1775) = Notodonta tritophus DRYMONIZ DRYMONIA SP DRYM DOD Drymooia dodonea (D&S,1775) DRYM RUF Drymonia rulicomis (HUFNAGEL,1766) DRYM OBL Drymonia obiiterata (ESPER,1785) HARPYIAZ HARPYIA SP HARP MIL Harpyia miihauseri (F,1775) PHEOSIAZ PHEOSIA SP PHEO TRE Pheosia tremula (CLERCK,1759) PHEO GNO Pheosia gnoma (F,1776) PTILOPHZ PTILOPHORA SP PTIL PLU Ptilophora piumigera (D&S,1775) PTEROSTZ PTEROSTOMA SP PTER PAL Pterostoma palpina (CLERCK, 1759) PTILODNZ PTIL000N SP P111 CAP Ptilodon capucina (L,1758) PTILODLZ PTILODONTELLA SP PTIL CUC LEUCODOZ LEUC BIC ODONTOSZ ODON CAR ODON SIE GLUPHISZ GLUP CRE PYGAERAZ PYGA TIM CLOSTERZ CLOS CIA Clostera curtuta (1,1758) CLOS CDS Closteracurtuloides(ERSCHOfF,1870) CLOS ACH Clostera anachoreta (D&S, 1775) CLOS AST Clostera anastornosis (L,1758) CIOS PIG Clostera pigra (HUFNAGEL,1766) THAUMETZ TNAUMETOPOEA SP THAU PIN Thaumetopoea pinivora (TREITSCHKE,I 834) LYMANTRX LYMANTRIIDAE LAELIA Z LAELIA SP LAEL COE Laelia coenosa (HDBNER,1808) ORGYIA Z ORGYIA SP ORGY REC Orgyia recens (HOBNER,1819) ORGY ANA Orgyia antiqua fl,1758) ORGY ANO Orgyia antiquoides (HOBNER,1822) GYNAEPHZ GYNAEPHORA SP GYNA SEL Gynaephora selenitica (ESPER,1763) CALLITEZ CALLITEARA SP CALL ABI Caltiteara abietis (D&S,1775) ELKNERIZ ELKNERIA SP ELKN PUD Elkneria pudibunda (1,1758) = Calliteara pudibunda DICALLOZ DICALLOMERA SP DICA FAS Dicaflomera fascelina (1,1758) EUPROCTZ EUPROCTIS 5? EUPR CKR Euproctis chrysorrhoea (1,1758) EUPR SIM Euproctis similis (FUESSLY,1775) LEUCOMAZ LEUCOMA SP. Ptilodontella cucullina (D&S,1775) LEUCODONTA SP. Leucodonta bicoloria (D&S, t775) ODONTOSIA SP. Odontosia carmelita (ESPER,1799) Odontosia sieversi (MENETRIES, 1856) GLUPHISIA SP. Gluphisia crenata (ESPER,1785) PYGAERA SP. Pygaera timon (HOBNER,1803) CLOSTERA SP LEUC SAI Leucoma salicis (1,1758) ARCTORNZ ARCTORNIS SP ARCT LNI Arctornis 1-nigrum (MOLLER,1764) LYMANTRZ LYMANTRIA SP.

50 cc LYMA MON Lyniantria monacha (L,1758) LYMA DIS Lymantriadispar(L,1758) ! ARCTIIDX ARCTIIDAE THUMATAZ TUUMATA SP THUM SEN SETINA Z SETI IRR SETI ROS SETI KUU MILTOCKZ MILT MIN NUDARIAZ NUDA MUN ATOLMISZ ATOL RUB CYBOSIAZ CYBO MES PELOSIAZ PELO MUS PELO OBT EILEMA Z EILE SOR EILE PAL ElLI CER EILE GRI EILE PYG EILELUT ElLI COM ElLI DEP EILE LUR LITHOSIZ LITH QUA SPIRIS Z SPIR SIR COSCINIZ COSC CR UTETHEIZ UTET PUL PARASEMZ PARA PLA HYPHORAZ HYPU AUL Thumata senex (HOBNER,1808) SETINA SP. Setina irrorella (L175$) Setina roscida (D&S,1775) Setina kuhlweini (HUBNER.1824) MILTOCHRISTA SP. Miltochrista miniata (FORSTER,1771) NUDARIA SP. Nudaria mundana (L,1761) ATOLMIS SP. Atolmis rubricollis (L,1758) CYBOSIA SP. Cybosia mesomella (L,1758) PELOSIA SP. Pelosia muscerda (HUFNAGEL,1766) Pelosia obtusa (H-S,1852) EILEMA SP. Eilema sororcula (HUFNAGEL,1766) Eilema palliatella (SCOPOLI, 1763) Eilema cereola (Ht)BNER,1803) Eilema griseola (HOBNER,1803) Eilema pygmaeola (DOUBLEDAY,1847) Eilema lutarella (L,1758) Eilema complana (L, 1758) Eilema depiana (ESPER, 1787) Eilema lurideola (ZINCKEN,1817) LITHOSIA SP. Lithosia quadra (L,1758) SPIRIS SP. Spiris striata (L.1758) COSCINIA SP. Coscinia cribraria (L,t758) UTETHEISA SP. Utetheisa pulchella (L,1758) PARASEMIA SP. Parasemia plantaginis (L,1756) HYPHORAIA SP, Hyphoraia aulica (L,1758) PARARCTZ PARA LAP BOREARCZ PARARCTIA SP. Pararctia Iapponica (THUNBERG, 1791) BOREARCTIA SP. Borearctia menetriesi (EVERSMANN,1846) BORE MEN EUCHARIZ EUCHARIA 5? EUCH FES Euchada festiva (FIUFNAGELJ766) = Ammobiota festiva, Arctia hebe ACERBIAZ ACERBIA SP ACER ALP Acerbia alpina (QUENSEL, 1802) PERICALZ PERICALLIA 5? PERI MAT Pericalia matronula (L,f 758) ARCTIA Z ARCTIA 5? ARCT CAJ Aretia caja (L,1758) ! EPICALLZ EPICALLIA SP EPIC VIL Epicallia villica (L,1758) = Arctia villica GRAMMIAZ GRAMMIA SP GRAM QVE Grammia quenseli (PAYKULL,1791) HOLOARCZ HOLOARCTIA SP, HOLO CER Holoarctia cervini (fallou, 1864) DIACRISZ DIACRISIA SP ! DIAC SAN Diacrisia sannio (L,1758) RHYPARIZ RHYPARIA SP ! RHYP PUR Rhyparia purpurata (L1758) EPATOLMZ EPATOLMIS SP EPAT LUC Epatolmis Iuctifera (ESPER,1784) = Phragmatobia (Arctinia) cesarea HYPHANTZ HYPKANTRIA SP ! HYPH CUN Hyphantda cunea(drury,1773) SPILOSOZ SPILOSOMA 5? SPIL LUB Spilosoma Iubricipeda (L,1758) SPIL LUT Spilosoma lutea (HUFNAGEL,1766) SPIL URT Spilosoma urticae (ESPER,1789) DIAPHORZ DIAPNORA SP DIAP MIN Diaphora mendica (CLERCK, 1759) PHRAGTOZ PHRAGMATOBIA SP PHRA FUL Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L1758) ! CALLIMOZ CALLIMORPHA 5? CALL DOM Callimorpha dominula (L,1758) EUPLAGIZ EUPLAGIA SP EUPL QUA Euplagia quadripunctaria (PODA, 1761) TYRIA Z TYRIA 5?. HOBNER1819

51 TYRI JAC Tyriajacobaeae (L,1756) CATO ELO Catocala elocata (ESPER,1788) DYSAUXEZ DYSA ANC SYNTOMIZ SYNT PHE NOCTUIDX RIVULAZ RIVU SER PARASCOZ PARA FUL COLOBOCZ COLO SAL SCHRANKZ SCHR TAE SCHRCOS HYPENODZ HYPE HUM HYPENA Z HYPE CRA HYPE PRO HYPE OBE HYPE ROS PHYTOMEZ PHYT VIR TYTA Z TYTA LCT ACONTIAZ ACON LUC LYGEPHIZ LYGE LUS LYGE PAS LYGE VIC LYGE CRA CATEPHIZ CATE ALC SCOLIOPZ SCOL LIB CATOCALZ CATO ADU CATO FRA CATO NUP DYSAUXES SP. Dysauxes ancilla (1,1767) SYNTOMIS SP. Syntomis phegea (L, 1758) NOCTUIDAE RIVULA SP. Rivula sericealis (SCOPOLI,1763) PARASCOTIA SP. Parascotia fuliginaria (L,1761) COLOBOCHYLA SP. Colobochyla salicatis (D&S,1775) SCHRANKIA SP. Schrankia taenialis (HOBNER,1809) Schrankia costaestrigalis (STEPHENS, 1834) HYPENODES SP. Hypenodes humidalis DOUELEDAY,1850 HYPENA SP. Hypena crassalis (F,17$7) Hypena proboscidalis (L,1758) Hypena obesalis (IREITSCHKE, 182$) Hypena rostralis (1,1758) PHYTOMETRA SP. Phytometra viridaria (CLERCK,1759) TYTA SP. Tyta Iuctuosa (D&S,1775) ACONTIA SP. Acontia lucida (HUFNAGEL.1767) = Tyta lucida LYGEPHILA SP. Lygephila lusoria (1,1758) Lygephila pastinum (TREITSCHKE, 1826) Lygephila viciae (HOBNER, 1822) Lygephila craccae (D&S,1775) CATEPHIA SP. Catephia alchymista (SCHIFF.,1 775) SCOLIOPTERYX SP. Sco]iopteryx Iibatrix (1,1758) CATOCALA SP, Catocala adultera MENETRIES,t 856 Catocala fraxini (L,175$) Catocala nupta (1,1758) CATO PRO Catocala promissa (D&S,1775) CATO ELE Catocala electa (VIEWEG,1790) CATO PAC Catocalapacta (1,1758) CATO SPO Catocala sponsa (1,1767) CATO CON Catocala conversa (ESPER,1784) EPHESIAZ EPEESIA SP EPHE FUL Ephesia fulminea (SCOPOLI,1763) MINUCIAZ MINUCIA SP, MINU LUN Minucia lunaris (D&S,1775) DYSGONIZ DYSGONIA SP DYSG ALG Dysgonia aigira (L,1767) GRAMMODZ GRAMMODES SP GRAM 510 Grammodes stolida (F,I775) CALLISEZ CALLISTEGE SP CALL MI Callistege (CLERCK,1759) mi EUCLIDIZ EUCLIDIA SP EUCL GLY Euclidia glyphica (1,1758) LASPEYRZ LASPEYRIA SP LASP ELE Laspeyria flexula (D&S,1775) EUBLEMMZ EUBLEMMA SP EUBL PAR Eubiemma parva (Ht)BNER,1808) EUBL MIN Eublemma minutata (F,1794) EUBL PUR Eubiemma purpurina (D&S,1775) PROTODEZ PROTODELTOTE SP PROT PYG Protodeltote pygarga (HUFNAGEL,1766) NEUSTROZ NEUSTROTIA SP NEUS CAN Neustrotia candidula (D&S,1775) EUSTROTZ EUSTROTIA SP EUST UNC Eustrotia uncula (CLERCK.1759) = Deltote uncula DELTOTEZ DELTOTE SP DELT BAN Deltote bankiana (F,1775) = Eustrotia olivana DELT DEC Deltote deceptoria (SCOPOLI,1763) EMMELIAZ EMMELIA SP EMME TRA Emmelia trabealis (SCOPOLI,1763) MEGANOLZ MEGANOLA SP MEGA STR Meganola strigula (D&S,1775) MEGA TOG Meganola togatulalis (HUBNER, 1867) MEGA ALB Meganota albula (D&S,1775) NOLA Z NOLASP.

52 NOLA CUC Nola cucullatella (L,1758) NOLA CON Nolaconfusalis (H-S,1847) NOLA CR1 Nola cristatula (HUBNER, 1867) NOLA AER Nola aerugula (HOBNER,1793) NOLA HOL Nola aerugula ssp.holsatica (SAUBER,1916) NOLA KAR Nola karelica (TENGSTRÖM,1869) EARIAS Z EARIAS SP EARI CLO Earias clorana (L,1761) EARI VER Earias vemana (F.1787) BENA Z BENA SP BENA BIC Bena bicolorana (L,1758) = Bena prasinana PSEUDOIZ PSEUDOIPS SP PSEU PRA Pseudoips prasinanus (L,1758) = Pseudoips fagana NYCTEOLZ NYCTEOLA SP NYCT REV Nycteola revayana (SCOPOLI, 1772) NYCT DEl Nycteola degenerana (Ht)BNER,t 799) NYCT SIC Nycteola siculana (FUCHS,1899) NYCT ASI Nycteola asiatica (KRULIKOWSKY,1904) CHRYSODZ CHRYSODEIXIS SP CHRY CHA Chrysodeixis chalcites (ESPER,1798) CTENOPLZ CTENOPLUSIA SP CTEN LIM Ctenoplusia Iimbirena (GUENEE,1852) TRICHOLZ TRICHOPLUSIA SP TRIC NI Trichoplusia ni (HOBNER,1803) DIACHRYZ DIACHRYSIA SP DIAC CTI Diachrysia chrysitis (L,1758) DIAC TUT Diachrysia tutti (KOSTROWS}U,1961) DIAC CSO Diachrysia chryson (ESPER,1789) DIAC ZSO Diachrysia zosimi (HUBNER,1822) MACDUNNZ MACDUNNOUGHIA SP MACD CON Macdunnoughia confusa (STEPHENS,1850) LAMPROTZ LAMPROTES SP LAMPCAU Lamprotes c-aureum(knoch,1781) POLYCHRZ POLYCHRYSIA SP POLY MON Polychrysia moneta (F,1787) PLUSIA Z PLUSIA SP PLUS FES Piusia festucae (L,1758) PLUS PUT Plusia putnami GROTE, PLUSIDIZ PLUSIDIA SP PLUS CHE Plusidiacheiranthi (TAUSCHER,1809) AUTOGRAZ AUTOGRAPHA SP AUTO MAC Autographa macrogamma (EVERSMANN, 1842) AUTO GAM Autographa gamma (L,1758) = Autographa gammoides AUTO PUL Autographa pulchrina (HAWORTH, 1809) AUTO BUR Autographa buraetica (STAUDINGER,1892) AUTO/PUL Autographa pulchrina-buraetica colt AUTO JOT Autographa jota (L,1758) AUTO MAN Autographa mandarina (FREYER, 1846) AUTO BRA Autographa btactea (D&S,1775) AUTO EXC Autographa excelsa (KRETSCHMAR,1862) SYNGRAPZ SYNGRAPHA SP SYNG DIA Syngrapha diasema (BOISDUVAL,1829) SYNG MIC Syngrapha microgamma (HOBNER,1823) SYNG INT Syngrapha interrogationis (L,1758) SYNG PAR Syngrapha paritis (HOBNER,1809) CALOPLUZ CALOPLUSIA SP CALO HOC Catoptusia hochenwarthi (HOCHENWARTH, 1785) EUCHALCZ EUCHALCIA SP EUCH VAR Euchalcia variabitis (PILLER&MIrrERPACHER, 1783) EUCH MOD Euchatcia modesta (HflBNER,1786) ABROSTOZ ABROSTOLA SP ABRO TGM Abrostola trigemina (WERNEBURG,1864) ABRO ASC Abrostola asctepiadis (D&S,1775) ABRO TPL Abrostota triptasia (L,1758) PANTHEAZ PANTHEA SP PANT COE Panthea coenobita (ESPER,1785) TRICHOSZ TRICHOSEA SP TRIC LUD Trichosea tudifica (L,1758) COLOCASZ COLOCASIA SP COLO COR Colocasia coryti (L,1758) MOMA Z MOMASP MOMA ALP Moma alpium (OSBECK,1778) ACRONICZ ACRONICTA SP ACRO MEG Acronicta megacephata (D&S, 1775) ACRO ACE Arctomyscis aceris (L,1758) ACRO LEP Acronicta teporina (L,1758) ACRO ALN Acronicta atni (L,1767) ACRO CUS Acronicta cuspis (Ht)BNER,1813) ACRO TRI Acronicta tridens (D&S,1775) ACRO PSI Acronicta psi (L,1758) ACRO STR Acronicta strigosa (D&S,1775)

53 Callopistriajuventina (STOLL,1792) IPIMORPEA SP. Ipimorpha retusa (1,1761) Ipimorpha subtusa (D&S,1775) Ipimorpha contusa (freyer,1849) ENARGIA SP. Enargia pateacea (ESPER,1788) PARASTICHTIS SP. Parastichtis suspecta (HOBNER,1 817) Parastichtis ypsillon (D&S, 1775) DICYCLA SP. Dicycla 00 (1,1758) COSMIA SP. Cosmia affinis (L,1767) Cosmia diffinis (L,1767) Cosmia trapezina (1,1758) Cosmia pyralina (D&S,1775) HYPPA SP. Hyppa rectilinea (ESPER,1788) XYLOM0IA SP. Xylomoia strix MIKKOLA.1980 APAMEA SP. Apamea monoglypha (HUFNAGEL, 1766) Apamea Iithoxylaea (D&S,1775) Apamea subtustris (ESPER,1788) Apamea obionga (HAWORTH,1809) Apamea crenata (NUFNAGEL,1766) Apamea epomidion (HAWORTH,1 809) Apamea aquila DONZEL,1$38 Apamea lateritia (HUFNAGEL,1766) Apamea ferrago (EVERSMANN,1844) = Luperina ferrago Apamea furva (D&S,1775) Apamea zeta (TREITSCHKE,1825) Apamea maillardi (GEYER, 1834) Apamea rubrirena TREITSCHKE,1825 Apamea remissa (HflBNER, 1809) Apamea unanimis (HflBNER,1809) Apamea illyria (FREYER,1 846) Apamea pabulatricula (BRAHM,1791) Apamea anceps (D&S,1775) Apamea sordens (HUFNAGEL,1766) ACRO MEN t05001 ACRO AUR ACRO EUP ACRO CIN ACRO RUM S[MYRA Z SIMY ALB SIMY NER CRANIOPZ CRAN LIG CRYPHIAZ CRYP FRA CRYP ALG CRYP ERE CRYP DOM CRYP RAP CRYP MUR POLIOBRZ POLI UMO AMPHIPYZ AMPH PYR AMPH BER AMPHJPYR AMPH PER AMPH LIV AMPH TRA MORMO Z Acronicta menyanthidis (ESPER, 1789) Acronicta auricoma (D&S,1775) Acronicta euphorbiae (D&S,1775) Acronicta cinerea (HUPNAGEL,1766) = Acronicta abscondida Acronicta rumicis (1,1758) SIMYRA SP. Simyra aibovenosa (GOEZE,1781) Simyra nervosa (SCHIFF.,1775) CRANIOPHORA SP. Craniophora Iigustri (D&S,1775) CRYPH1fi SP. Cryphia fraudatricula (HUBNER, 1803) Cryphia algae (F,1775) Cryphia ereptricula (TREITSCHKE, 1825) Cryphia domestica (HUFNAGEL,1766) Cryphia raptricula (D&S,1775) Cryphia muralis (FORSTER,1771) POLIOBRYA SP. Poliobrya umovii (EVERSMANN,1846) AMPHIPYRA SP. Amphipyra pyramidea (1,1758) Amphipyra berbera RUNGS,1949 Amphipyra pyramidea-berbera coil. Amphipyra perflua (F, 1787) Amphipyra livida (D&S, 1775) Amphipyra tragopoginis (CLERCK,1759) MORMO SP MORM MAU Mormo maura (L,1758) DYPTERYZ DYPTERYGIA SP DYPT SCA Dypterygia scabriuscula (1,1758) RUSINA Z RUSINA SP RUSI FER Rusina ferruginea (ESPER,17$5) THALPOPZ THALPOPHILA SP THAL MAT Thalpophila matura (HUFNAGEL, 1766) TRACHEAZ TRACHEA SP TRAC AIR Trachea atriplicis (L,1758) EUPLEXIZ EUPLEXIA SP EUPL LUC Euplexia Iucipara (1,1758) PHLOGOPZ PHLOGOPHORA SP PHLO MET Phlogophora meticulosa (1,1758) CALLOPIZ CALLOPISTRIA SP CALL JUV IPIIvIORPZ IPIM RET IPIM SUB IPIM CON ENARGIAZ ENAR PAL PARASTIZ PARA SUS PARA YPS DICYCLAZ DICY COSMIA Z COSM AFF COSM DIf COSM TRA COSM PYR HYPPA Z HYPP REC XYLOMOIZ XYLO STR APAMEA Z APAM MON APAM LIT APAM SUB APAM OBL APAM CRE APAM EPO APAM AQU APAM LAT APAM FER APAM FIJR APAM ZET APAM MAI APAM RUB APAM REM APAM UNA APAM ILL APAM PAB APAM ANC APAM SOR

54 APAM SCO Apamea scolopacina (ESPER,1788) APAM OPH Apamea ophiogramma (ESPERJ793) OLIGIA Z OLIGIA SP OLIG STR Oligia strigilis (L,1758) OLIG VER Oligia versieolor(borkhavsen.1792) OLIG LAT Oligia Iatmncula (D&S,1775) OLIG FAS Oligia fasciuncula (HAWORTH,1809) MESOLIGZ MESOLIGIA SP MESO FUR Mesoligia furuncula (D&S,1775) MESO LII Mesoligia literosa (HAWORTH,1809) MESAPAMZ MESAPAMEA SP MESA SLI MESA DID MESAJSLI PHOTEDEZ PHOT CAP PROT MIN PHOT MOR PHOT EXT PHOT ELY PHOT FLU PHOT PYG PHOT BRE EREMOBIZ EREM OCH LUPERINZ ! LUPE TES LUPE ZOL AMPHIPOZ AMPH LUC AMPHILUC AMPH fuc AMPH CR AMPH OCU PSEUDHAZ Mesapamea secalis (L1758) Mesapamea didyma (ESPER. 1784) = Mesapamea secalella Mesapamea secalis-didyma coii. PHOTEDES SP. Photedes captiuncula (TREITSCHKE, 1852) Photedes minima (HAWORTH, 1809) Photedes morrisii (DALE,1837) Photedes extrema (Ht)BNER, 1809) Photedes elymi (TREITSCHKE, 1825) Photedes fluxa (HOBNER, 1809) Photedes pygmina (HAWORTH, 1809) Photedes brevilinea (fenn, 1864) EREMOBIA SP. Eremobia ochroleuca (D&S,1775) LUPERINA SP. Lupedna testacea (D&S,1775) Luperina zollikoferi (freyer,i836) AMPHIPOEA SP. Amphipoea Iucens (FREYER,1845) Amphipoea lucens-fucosa-crinanensis coll. Amphipoea fucosa (FREYER, 1830) Amphipoea crinanensis (BURROWS,1908) Amphipoea oculea (L1761) PSEUDOHADENA SP. Pseudohadena immunda (EVERSMANN, 1842) PSEU IMM HYDRAECZ HYDRAECIA SP HYDR ULT Hydraecia ultima HOLST, ! HYDR MIC Hydraecia micacea (ESPER.1789) HYDRJMIC Hydraecia micacea-nordstroemi coll KYDR NOR Hydraecia nordstroerni (HORKE,1952) HYDR PET Hydraecia petasitis DOUBLEDAY, GORTYNAZ GORTYNA SP GORT FLA Gortyna fiavago (D&S.1775) CALAMIAZ CALAMIA SP CALA TRI Calamia tridens (HUfNAGEL,1766) STAURPAZ STAUROPHORA SP STAU CEL Staurophora celsia (L1761) CELAENAZ CELAENA SP CELA HAW Celaena haworthii (CURTIS,1829) CELA LEU Celaena leucostigma (HOBNER,1808) NONAGRIZ NONAGRIA SP NONA TYP Nonagria typhae (THUNBERG,1784) ! PHRAGMIZ PHRAGMITIPHILA SP PHRA NEX Phragmatiphila nexa (HOBNER, 1808) ARCHANAZ ARCHANARA SP ARCH GEM Archanara geminipuncta (HAWORTK1809) ARCH DIS Archanara dissoluta (TREITSCHKE,1825) ARCH NEU Archanara neurica (HflBNER,1808) ARCH SPA Archanara sparganii (ESPER, 1790) ARCH ALG Archanara algae (ESPER,1789) RHIZEDRZ RHIZEDRA SP RHIZ LUT Rhizedra lutosa (HOBNER,1803) ! SEDINA Z SEDINA SP SEDI BUE Sedina buettoeri (HERING,1858) ARENOSTZ ARENOSTOLA SP AREN PHR Arenostola phragmitidis (HOBNER, 1803) ORIA Z ORIASP ORIA MUS Oria musculosa (Ht)BNER,1803) COENOBIZ COENOBIA SP COEN RUF Coenobia rufa (HAWORIH,1809) CHARANYZ CHARANYCA SP CHAR TRI Charanyca tdgrammica (HUFNAGEL, 1766) HOPLODRZ HOPLODRINA SP HOPL OCT Hoplodrina octogenaria (GOEZE,1781) HOPL BLA Hoplodrina blanda (D&S,1775) HOPL RES Hoploddna respersa (D&S,1775) HOPL MvIB Hoplodrina ambigua (D&S.1775) ATYPHAZ ATYPHA SP ATYP PUL Atypha pulmonaris (ESPER.1790) SPODOPTZ SPODOPTERA SP SPOD lxi Spodoptera exigua (HOBNER,1808) ! CARADRIZ CARADRINA SP.

55 CARA MOR CARA MON CARA OHI CARA SEL CARA CLA CHILODEZ CHIL MAR ATHETISZ ATRE GLU ATHEPAL AIHE LEP ATHE Kl ACOSMETZ ACOS CAL STILBIAZ STIL ANO ELAPHRIZ ELAP VEN PANEMERZ PANE TEN CUCULLIZ CUCU ABS CUCU BAL CUCU FRA CUCU ARG CUCU ART CUCU CHA CUCU LUC CUCU LAC CUCUUMB ! CUCU TAN CUCU PRA CUCUAST CUCUGNA CUCU LYC CUCU SCR CUCU VER CALOPHAZ CALO LUN BRACHYLZ BRAC VIM Caradrina morpheus (HUFNAGEL,1766) Caradrina montana (BREMER,l$64) = Caradrina cinerascens Caradrina grisea EVERSMANN Caradrina selini BOISDUVAL,1840 Caradrina clavipalpis (SCOPOLL 1763) CHILODES SP. Chilodes maritimus (TAUSCHER,t 806) ATHETIS SP. Athetis giuteosa (TREITSCHKE,1$35) Athetis pallustns (HOBNER, 1808) Athetis lepigone (MÖSCHLER, 1860) Athetis kitti () ACOSMETIA SP. Acosmetia catiginosa (HIJBNER, 1813) STILBIA SP. Stilbia anomala (HAWORTH,18 12) ELAPHRIA SP. Elaphria venustula (HtJBNER.1790) PANEMERIA SP. Panemeria tenebrata (D&S,1775) CUCULLIA SP. Cucullia absinthii (L,1761) Cucullia balsamitae (BOISDUVAL,1840) Cucullia fraudatrix EVERSMANN,1837 Cucu Ilja argentea (HUFNAGEL. 1766) Cucullia artemisiae (HUFNAGEL, 1766) Cucutlia chamomitlae (D&S,1775) Cucultia Iucifuga (D&S,1775) Cucullia Iactucae (D&S,1775) Cucullia umbratica (1,1758) Cucullia tanaceti (D&S,1775) Cucullia praecana EVERSMANN,1844 Cucullia asteris (D&S,1775) Cucullia gnaphalii (HflBNER,1813) Cucullia Iychnitis RAMBUR,1833 Cucullia scrophulariae (D&S,1775) Cucutlia verbasci (L,1758) CALOPHASIA SP. Calophasia lunuta (HUFNAGEL,1766) BRACHYLOMIA SP. Brachylomia viminalis (F,1776) HILLIA Z TILL IRI SYMPISTZ SYMP FUN SYMPHEL SYMP LAP SYMPZET BRACHIOZ BRAC SPH BRACNUB DASYPOLZ DASY TEM APOROPHZ ! APOR Liii APORNIG LITHOMOZ LITH SOI LITHOPHZ LITH SEM LITH HEP LITHORN LITHFUR LAM LITH CON XYLENA SP XYLE VEi XYLEEXS Xylena exsoleta (1,1758) XYLOCAMZ XYLOCAMPA SP XYLENAZ HILLIA SP. Hiltia ins (ZETTERSTEDT, 1839) SYMPISTIS SP. Sympistis funebnis (HUBNER,1808) Sympistis heliophila (PAYKULL,1793) Sympistis Iapponica (THUNBERG,179 1) Sympistis zetterstedti (STAUDINGER, 1857) BRACHIONYCHA SP. Brachionycha sphinx (HUFNAGEL,1766) Brachionycha nubeculosa (ESPER,1785) DASYPOLIA SP. Dasypolia templi (THUNBERG,]792) APOROPHYLA SP. Aporophyla lutulenta (D&S,1775) Aporophyla nigra (HAWORTH,1809) LITHOMOIA SP. Lithomoia solidaginis (HOBNER,1803) LITHOPHANE SP. Lithophane semibrunnea (HAWORTK, 1809) Lithophane hepatica (CLERCK,1759) Lithophane ornitopus (HUfNAGEL,1766) Lithophane furcifera (HUfNAGEL,1766) Lithophane Iamda (F,1787) Lithophane consocia (BORKHAU SEN, 1792) Xylena vetusta(hobner,1813) XYLO ARE Xylocampa areola(esper,1789) ALLOPHYZ ALLOPHYES SP ALLO OXY Allophyes oxyacanthae (L,]758) DICHONIZ DICHONIA SP DICH APR Dichonia apnilina (L,1758) DRYOBOTZ DRYOBOTODES SP DRYO ERE Dryobotodes eremita (F,1775) BLEPHARZ BLEPHARITA SP BLEP AMI Blephanita amica(treitschke,1825) BLEP SAi Blephanita satura (D&S, 1775) MNIOTYPZ MNIOTYPE SP MNIO ADU Mniotype adusta(esper,1790) MNIO SOI Mniotype solieni (BOISDUVAL, 1840) MNIO BAT Mniotype bathensis (LUTZAU, 1901)

56 POLY FLA Polymixis flavicincta (D&S,1775) POLY GEM Polymixis gemmea(treitscfike,1825) POLYMIXZ POLYMIXIS SP POLY POL Polymixis polymita (L,1761) AGR0CHOZ AGROCH0LA SP AGRO CIR Agrochola circellaris (HUFNAGEL, 1766) EUMI LIC Eumichtis lichenea (H)BNER,1813) CONI ERY Conistra erythrocephala (D&S,t775) AGRO MAC Agrochola macilenta (HQBNER,1809) AGRO NIT Agrochola nitida (D&S,1775) AGRO LII Agrochola litura (L,1761) AGRO LYC Agrochola lychnidis (D&S,1775) OMPHALOZ OMPHALOSCELIS SP OMPH LUN Omphaloscelis Iunosa(HAWORTH,1809) AGRO LOI Agrochola lota (CLERCK,1759) AGRO HEL Agrochola helvola (L,1758) AGRO LAE Agrochola laevis (HfIBNER,1803) ATETHMIZ ATETHMIA SP ATET AMB Atethmia ambusta (D&S,1775) XANT CIT Xanthia citrago (1175$) XANT OCE Xanthia ocel]aris (BORKHAUSEN.1792) DILOBAZ DILOBA SP ANAR SEC DISC TRI DISCFUR HADA Z HADA LEU HADA STA HADASKR HADAPLE HADANAN PACH SAG POLI NEB PACHETRZ SIDERIDZ SIDE ALB CONISANZ XANTHIAZ XANTHIA SP DISCESTZ POLIA Z POLI RIC CONI LEI MELANCHZ Anartomima secedens (WALKER,1858) Discestra furca (EVERSMANN, 1852) DISCESTRA SP. Discestra trifolii (HUfNAGEL,1766) = Anartomima bohemani MAME BRA HELIOPHZ HELI RET HELITEX MAMESTRZ MELA PER MELA PIS LACANOBZ HADA SP. Hada staudingeri (AURIVILLIUS,189 1) Hada skraelingia (H-S,1845) Hada piebeja (L,1758) Hada Ieucocycla (STAUDINGER, 1892) = Hada dovrensis = Hada proxima (HOBNER, 1808) Hada nana (HUFNAGEL,1766) POLIA SP. Polia conspicua (BANG-HAAS.1912) Pachetra sagittigera (HUFNAGEL, 1766) SIDERIDIS SP. Sideridis albicolon (HOBNER,1813) HELIOPHOBUS SP. Heliophobus reticu]ata (GOEZE,17$1) Heliophobus texturata (ALPHERAKY,1892) Polia bombycina (HUFNAGEL,1766) Polia richardsoni (CURTIS,1834) Polia lamuta (HERZ,1903) Polia trimaculosa (L,1757) Polia nebulosa (HUFNAGEL, 1766) =Polia tincta, Polia hepatica PACHETRA SP. CONISANIA SP. Conisania leineri (FREYER, 1836) MELANCHRA SP. Melanchra persicariae (L,1761) Melanchra pisi (L,175$) Mamestra brassicae (L,1758) LACANOBIA SP. MAMESIRA SP XANT AUR Xanthia aurago (D&S,1775) XANT FUL Xanthia fulvago (CLERCK.1759) XANT TOG Xanthia togata (ESPER,1788) XANT ICT Xanthia icteritia (HUFNAGEL, 1766) XANT GIL Xanthia gilvago (D&S,1775) POLI LAM POLI CON POLI BOM POLI TRI EUPSILIZ EUPSIUASP EUPS IRA Eupsilia transversa (HUFNAGEL,1766) JODIA Z JODIASP JODI CR0 Jodia croceago (D&S,t775) CONISTRZ CONISTRA SP CONI VAC Conistra vaccinii (L,1761) CONI LIG Conistra ligula (ESPER, 1788) CONI RNO Conistra rubiginosa (SCOPOLI,1763) CONI REA Conistra rubiginea (D&S,1775) ANTITYPZ ANTITYPE SP ANTI CHI Antitype clii (L,1758) AMMOCONZ AMMOCONIA SP AMMO CAE Ammoconia caecimacula (D&S, 1775) EUMICHTZ EUMICHTIS SP DILO CAE Diloba caeruleocephala (L,175$) ANARTA Z ANARTA SP ANAR MYR Anarta myrtilli (L,1761) ANAR COR Anarta cordigera (THUNBERG,1788) ANAR MEL Anarta melanopa (THUNBERG,1791) ANARIOMZ ANARTOMIMA SP.

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58 Noctuajanthe (BORKHAUSEN,J 792) AGRO VES Agrotis vestigialis (HUFNAGEL,1766) AGRO FAT Agrotis fatidica (FPJBNER,1824) AGRO SEG Agrotis segetum (D&S,1775) OCHR PLE Ochropleura plecta (1,1761) NOCT COM ACTINOTZ ACTINOTIA SP OCHR ELA Ochropleura fiammatra (D&S,1775) PARE FUG Parexarnis fugax (TREITSCHKE,1825) PROTEXAZ PROTEXARNIS SP PROT SQU Protexamis squalida (GUENEE,1852) EUGN DEP Eugnorisma depuncta (L,1761) STAN LUC Standfussiana Iucernea (L,1758) EPIPSILZ EPIPSILIA SP STANDFUZ STANDFUSSIANA SP EPIP GRI Epipsilia grisescens (F,1794) RHYACIAZ RHYACIA RHYA SIM Rhyacia simulans SP. (HUFNAGEL,1766) RHYA QUA Rhyacia quadrangula (ZETT,1839) CHERSOTZ CHERSOTIS SP CHER CUP Chersotis cuprea (D&S, 1775) NOCT FIM CRYPTOCZ CHER AND Chersotis andereggii (BOISDUVAL,1832) NOCTUA Z NOCTUA SP NOCT ORB Noctua orbona (HUFNAGELI766) NOCTINP = Agrotis luehrii ! EUGNORIZ EUGNORISMA SP Rhyacia grisescens ! NOCT PRO Noctua pronuba (L,1758) ! CRYP CHA NOCT JNA NOCTJNE NOCT INJ ! COENOPHZ ! COEN SUB OPIGENAZ EUGRAPHZ GRAP AUG OPIGPOL GRAPHIPZ EUGR SIG PROTOLAZ PARÄDIAZ LYCOPHOZ PERIDROZ PER! SAU PROT SOB PARAGLA LYCO POR LYCO MOL ! PARAPUN DIARSIAZ DIAR DAH DIAR BRU DIAR RUB Noctua flmbriata (SCKREBER,1759) Noctua interposita (HOBNER,!789) Noctua interjecta (HOBNER,1803) Cryptoca!a chardinyi (BOISDUVAL.1829) = Noctua chardinyi Spaelotis ravida (D&S,1775) Spaelotis clandestina (HARRIS. 1841) ! DIAR MEN ! DIAR FIl DIARJRUB Nocwa comes (HJBNER,1813) Noctuajanthina (D&S,1775) CRYPTOCALA SP. Epilecta linogrisea (D&S,1775) EPILECTA SP. SPAELOTIS SP. OPIGENA SP. Opigena polygona (D&S,1775) Graphiphora augur (F, 1775) GRAPHIPHORA SP. = Spaelotis suecica EUGRAPHE SP. COENOPHILA SP. Coenophila subtosea (STEPHENS, 1829) PROTOLAMPRA SP. Protolampra sohrina (DUPONCHEL, 1843) Eugraphe sigma (D&S,1775) = Eugraphe subrosea = Paradiarsia sobrina PARADIARSIA SP. PERIDROMA SP. Peridroma saucia (HtJBNER, 1808) DIARSIA SP. Diarsia mendica (F.1775) Diarsia rubi (VIEWEG,1790) Diarsia fiorida (SCHMIDT,1859) Diarsia rubi-fiorida coil. Diarsia dahlii (HOBNER,1813) Diarsia brunnea (D&S,1775) Paradiarsia giareosa (ESPER,1788) Paradiarsia punicea (HOBNER,!803) LYCOPKOTIA SP. Lycophotia porphyrea (D&S,1775) Lycophotia molothina ESPER, YIGOGA YIGOGA YIGO SIG Z Yigoga signifera SP. (D&S,1775) ACTEBIAZ ACTEBIA ACTE PRA Actebia praecox SP. (L,1758) ACTE FEN Actebia fennica(tauscher.1806) PAREXARZ PAREXARNIS SP ACTI POL Actinotia polyodon (CLERCK,1759) ACTI HYP Actinotia hyperici (D&S,1775) AXYLIA AXYLIA AXYL PUT Z Axylia putris SP. (L,1761) OCHROPLZ OCHROPLEURA SP EPILECTZ EPIL LIN SPAELOTZ SPAE RAV SPAE CIA AGRO CLA Agrotis c]avis (HUFNAGEL,1766) AGRO EXC Agrotis exclamationis (1,1758) AGRO Agrotis ipsilon (HUfNAGEL,1766) AGRO IPS Agrotis ripae (HfJBNER,1823) AGRO CRA RJP Agrotis crassa (HOBNER,1803)

59 XESTIAZ XEST QUI XESTLYN XEST RHA XEST SPE XEST SIN XESTGEL XEST BOR XEST ATR XEST BRU XESTLAE XEST DIS XEST/LAE XEST LOR XEST TEC XEST ALP XEST CNI XEST DII XEST TRI XEST ASH XEST BAJ XESTRHO XEST CAS XEST COL XEST SEX XEST XAN XEST AlA NAENIA Z NAEN TYP EUROIS Z EURO OCC ANAPLECZ ANAP PRA CERASTIZ XESTIA SP. Xestia quieta (HCJBNER,1813) Xestia Iyngei (REBEL,1923) Xestia rhaetica (STAUDINGER, 1871) Xestia speciosa (HOBNER,1813) Xestia sincera (I-1-S.1851) Xestia gelida (SPARRE-SCHNEIDER. 1883) Xestia borealis (NORDSTRÖM,1933) Xestia atrata (MORRISON,1874) Xestia brunneopicta (MATSUMURA,1925) Xestia laetabilis (ZETFERSTEDT,1839) Xestia distensa (EVERSMANN,1851) Xestia laetabilis-distensa coli. Xestia Iorezi (STAUDINGER,1891) = Xestia sajana Xestia tecta (HOBNER,1 808) Xestia alpicola (ZETfERSTEDT, 1839) Xestia c-nigrum (1,1758) Xestia ditrapezium (D&S,1775) Xestia trianguluin (HUFNAGEL,t 766) Xestia ashworthii (DOUBLEDAY, 1855) Xestia baja (D&S,1775) Xestia rhomboidea (ESPER, 1790) Xestia castanea (ESPER,1796) Xestia coltina (BOISDUVAL,1840) Xestia sextrigata (HAWORTH, 1809) Xestia xanthographa (D&S,1775) Xestia agathina (DUPONCHEL,1827) NAENIA SP. Naenia typica (1,1758) EUROIS SP. Eurois occulta (1,1758) ANAPLECTOIDES SP. Anaplectoides prasina (D&S,1775) CERASTIS SP. Cerastis rubricosa (D&S,1775) Cerastis Ieucographa (D&S,1775) CERA RUB CERA LEU MESOGONZ MESOGONA SP MESO OXA Mesogona oxalina (H(JBNER,1803) MESO ACE Mesogona acetosellae (SCHIFF.,1775) PYRRHIAZ PYRRHIA SP PYRR UMB Pyrrhia umbra (HUFNAGEL,1766) PYRR EXP HELIOTIZ HELI ARM HELI VIR HELI ONO HELI MAR HELI PEL HELI NUB PROTOSCZ PROT SCU PERIPHAZ PERI DEL SIMPLICZ SIMP REC PECHIPOZ PECH STR HERMINIZ HERM TPE HERM LUN HERM GRI Pyrrhia exprimens (WALKER,I857) HELIOTKIS SP. Heliothis armigera (H)BNER, 1808) Heliothis viriplaca (HUFNAGEL, 1766) Heliothis ononis (SCHIfF, 1775) Heliothis maritima (GRASLIN,l$55) Heliothis peltigera (D&S,1775) Heliothis nubigeta (H-S.1851) PROTOSCHINIA SP. Protoschinia scutosa (D&S,1775) PERIPHANES SP. Periphanes delphinii (1,1758) SIMPLICIA SP. Sirnplicia rectalis (EVERSMANN.1842) PECHIPOGO SP. Pechipogo strigilata (L,I758) HERMINIA SP. Herminia tarsipennalis TREITSCHKE,1$35 Herminia lunatis (SCOPOLI,1763) Herminia grisealis (D&S,1775) HERM TCR Herminia tarsicrinalis (KNOCH,1782) MACROCHZ MACROCHILO SP MACR CR1 Macrochilo cribrumalis (HOBNER,1793) POLYPOGZ POLYPOGON SP POLY TEN Polypogon tentacularia (1.1758) PARACOLZ PARACOLAX SP PARA TRI Paracolax tristalis (F,1794) TRISATEZ TRISATELES SP TRIS EMO Trisateles emortualis (D&S,1775)

60 APPENDJX 6 Trap card 5. Va sc u ;cs and Iichens:!Jqar type: Burn ng Owner of H: Ad d re s s: Sampling person. Address: Other notes: 58

61 .. APPENDJX 7a Data form Specz m num!be[ 59

62 idaefus dcc >Lyth Scot Scot - Xant *fuscata Xant Xant Cota IigdT Ente Meno Lomp Euii Ecii Ect Chio Chio Cida Ther Iher EIec Coio Hori Epir Peri Peri Peri Peri tupi >Eupi Eupi >Eupi Hydr fric Acas Croc *monachar Hist Hist APPENDIX 75 Data form SITE NUMBER - YEAR WEEK DAYS IDENTIFICATOR - - Hepi hum lima corn Xant des Piem rub Peri par Eupi gel Semi gia Trio syi Scop ter abr fir Poly col Eupi nan Semi on Phym hec *perfumat Xant mun Ther var Bapt tib Eupi inn Semi car Kom Iup Scop vir *arcticar Eupi thez fraxinat Narr fas >Kors fne Scop nig Xant spa ther obe Eupi ten Eupi och Into ror >Kors far Scop rub Xant fer Iher cog >Eupi irb Eupi vir Itam lor Gazo gan Scop mar jun Eupi haw Eupi abb Itam wou Scop mc quo ther ser tupi imm Eupi dod tom bru Ihyr fen Scop fri *thedenii Eusf ret Eupi piu Eupi puu Teph sep Scop Ho Xant mon cor Eupi abi Eupi lar Teph are Phra cas >Scop iut *Iapponic Colo apt Eupi ana Eupi tan Pygm fus Zeuz pyr Scop cor Xant flu Coio oli topi lin Eupi con Cepp adv Coss cos Scop orn *inconota Coio tor Eupi pci Eupi ian Petr chi Lome ter Scop dec ann pec Eupi laq Gymn ruf Piag pci >Scop ior rub Hydr for tupi pyr Chio Vai Piog doi tolc lac Scop emu Coto ccc *fligra topi irr Chio chl Pach hip Drep fal Scop imi Epir has Hydr imp Eupi cxi Chio rec Opin iut Drep cur Scop car Epir tri Hydr rub Eupi ins *nigroser Epio rep Wats bin Scop nem Epir pup Coen lap Eupi vai ch1 db Epio par Wats cci idae aur Epir ait Hori vit Eupi pyg Anti spa Pseu moc Sabr hor idae och Epir tor Hori aem Eupi fen Ches ieg Hypo pio Ciii gia >ldae spe Epir riv Hori aqu Eupi ven Ches ruf Enno out doe mur cor topi ege Cars sor Enno que Thyo bat idoe pci Cost pci Meia pro >Eupi cxv Apio pia Enno ain Habr pyr idae syi Camp bii Pare ber Eupi tha Apio eff Enno fus Teht ccc idoe bis Ente pci Spar iuc Eupi cen [Apio pra Enno ero -Teth or luce dii Ente bys Rheu hos Eupi act Odez oir Seie den *aibinge - - ccc Rheu sub [Eupif.Lith gri - Seieiun tiiii[u i1m Ente fio ITieu cer >Eupi tsg iif Tor Seie tet Ochr dup >idae sri Ente nob Rheu und Eupi gro Disc bio Apei syr Cyma dii dcc dim Anti bad trip dub >Eupi itr Veno cam Arti evo Achi Dc idoe sub Anti der Phil vet Eupi ver Euch neb Epir div Poiy rid luce erno *fennokor Phil tra topi ccc Asth oib Odon bid Ive aib Euph bia topi per Åis *g Å1o een *temutaja Peio com uno Eupi sat Dc eli Pseu pru idae tri Coto rig Epir dii Eupi obs Hydr syi Oura sam Geom pop idae inq Lamp otr Epir aut Eupi goo Lobo hai Coio pen Comi baj utr suf chr exp car Ange pru Thet sma dcc dcv *defumata Mdc reg Eupi 055 Tric poi *coryiari Hemi aes Rhod vib Cosm oce Oper bru >Eupi tpt Ffier Apoc his Ch1 Rhod sac Euii pru Oper fag topi vui Pter sex obscura Chio cio >Lyth pia tes Psyc sab Eupi den Acas vir Apoc pii Thai fim pro jeuii pop tee sfs app Hemi mm Phib vir Euli mci Peri aff Eupi ci Abra gro Lyci hir Jodi iac Scot moe >Eoii pro *rivifljat *oxydata *dohrnii Cyci iap jodi put Scot bip >Eoii pro Peri dc Eupi suc Caio syi Lyci zon Cyci pen che sii hyd orp Loma mor str Cyci aib Scot muc cap Peri iog smb *poiiutor bet Cyci onn iur sit bif topi mii loma opi *corbonor Cyci pup Scot coa Chio mia Peri min Eupi sim Ligd adu Agri leo Cyci por Lore cia Chio cii Peri bio Eupi sin Semi not Agri oor Cyci que Orth vii Chio inf Peri aib Eupi dis Semi ait Agri mar Cyci pun bothnica Chio iat Peri Ha Eupi md Semi sig Eron def Cyci iin Orth obn tru Peri did Eupi pim Semi iit *hoimgren lima gri Xani bir fui sag >Eupi exs Semi cia Syno soc 60

63 Peri rho Erio Peri sec on Peri man Mola neu trit tri Citb qua Lyge lus Diac zos Cryp mur Lasi tri me Deil rib Drym Cosc cr1 Lyge vic Lamp Cau Amph pyr Alci rep *flova Drym obi Utet pul Lyge ao Poly mon Amph ber Triccro Notodro Eile tor dep >Tyta Ict *tufti Cryp dom : Nato Eilecom *nigrato Erio arb Noto zic Eile lur Acon Iuc >Diac cso Cryp rap Cleo cm Malo cos Drym dod Spir stt lyge pas Macd cors Poli Phytvir >Diaccti Ctypere 1 61 inhjscat Cosm lun *Pporlic Acer olp Coto nup *gommina Rusi fer Cobe lep Hylo pmn Eupr chr lyri jac Eust unc Colo cor Hypp tec Gnop obs lin Hyle kuhlwein Macr cr1 Nolo oer Acro tri Apom aqu Gnop obf ] Deil MiIt min elp Plen *holsotic Acro p5tm Apam lat Deil mun tri Gnop por Nuda Paro Nola kor Acro str Apam fer *olbomorg [ Peri ane Eile liii Hype ros Iric ni Iher pri Pros pro >Herm tpe Thet rup Loot amu Lyma dis Pech stt Mega tog Cieo lic Phyl tre Leuc bic *iutescen diie Auto ot Acro *humperti Phyi op Hypo rob Hypo pun Phyi iii Ptii cop Peri mat Cato elo Auto pul Aric mel Aeth pun Lemo tor >Clos och Spil lub Aleu dis Loot pop Lyma mon Simp rec Mego sir *nigro Apom sub Cabe pus Ache 0tt Elkn pud *rustica Prot pyg Pant coe *bodjofas Ilmo cor *caecus Arct Lni Emme tra Acro meg Apam lit Lomo tem Smer oce Leuc sai Synt phe DeIt dec Moma alp Apam mon Cabe exo jefl1 51as Neus can Iric lud Cosm pyr Seli plu Agri con fli1 Diop men ÄEdc Cosm ira *funebris Pavo pov Thau pin *zotima bfor >Abro tgm CosmäW dlomere Pygo tim Rhyp pur Minu lun Syng mic Ipim con t-t ote Gast que IEi Cato pac Auto man Phlo met Dend Euth pot Pter pai Euch Een *moerens Auto gam Dypt sco Ptil cuc Arct coi Cato pro ÅEir Trac atr Ectr cre Gost POP Odon cor >Grom qve Coto spo Auto bro Call juv Ectr sub Glup cre Dioc San Ephe Coll >Clos ost *godortii Eucl gly Euch vor *nigtesce pin Ptil plu Bore men Coto Ero Auto mac Morm mou ful Syng dia Ipim sub A1d1ib Macr rub Pheo gno Paro lap Cato adu Plus che Amph tro Odon pm Ö1e Holo cer Coto con Auto exc Ipim ret A1d *oliva&,f Hyph aul Scoi lib Plus put Amph liv *nigro Lasi que Horp mii Pato pia Cote olc Plus Een Amph per Pato con >Clos cia Hyphj Dysg alg Syng int Enor pol Poro sim Lemo dum >Clos cds Epat luc Gram sto Syng por Para sun Emat olo lut Losp Bupo pin Agli tou Clos pig Spil fle Euch mod Dicy 00 oce Apam obi Lomo bim Mimo til Eupr sim Dysa anc DeIt ban *albescen XyIo sir Furc bif Dysc fog Furc bic Eile cer Hype hum Nyct sic *murlno Apom uno Chot for rj Eile pol Schr cos Nyct deg Simy olb *obscura irr Hyla fas Hyle eup Seti >Herm tcr Nolo con Acro oln *alopecur *ptasmnon Hyle gol Seti ros Herm gri Nola cr1 Acro cus Apam epo Aspi gil *minax Eile sor Schr tee Nyct tev Acro rum Apam rem Croc lut PhaI buc Pelo mus Pato ful Bena bic Acro eup Apom mci Comp mor Daph ner Thum sen Herm lun Glac cor 1 Cybo mes Rivu ser Eari ver Acro aur Apom zet Mega Nolo cuc *bradypor Apam cre alb Acro ep *abiecto Sian lmn Ceru ym Pelo obt Colo sai Pseu pro Acto cm Apam tub Petc sir Furc fur Eile gri Hype crc Nyct osi Simy ner Apom II *stromine Hype pro Chry cho Cron lig Apom pob Cryp alg *engelhort Poec pop Stoufcg Eile pyg Hype obe Cten Ilm Ctyp fro Apom onc mi Colo hoc Poro yps Seli btu Loel coe Spil urt EubI min >Abro tpl Cosm die Pari vit 1 Hipp cel Atol tub Tris erno Eari clo Acro men Apam fur fbnitoring OF MOTHS IN NORTHERN EUROPE

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65 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: DDENDA EE EE E 63

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